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However, in addition to fungal spores, humans are simultaneously exposed to other inflammatory agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with uncertain relevance to disease expression. To determine how high dose inhalation of LPS influences the expression of allergic airway disease induced by the allergenic mold\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      C57BL\/6J mice were intranasally challenged with the viable spores of\n                      <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      with and without 1\u00a0\u03bcg of LPS over two weeks. Changes in airway hyperreactivity, airway and lung inflammatory cell recruitment, antigen-specific immunoglobulins, and histopathology were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In comparison to mice challenged only with\n                      <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      , addition of LPS (1\u00a0\u03bcg) to\n                      <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      abrogated airway hyperresponsiveness and strongly attenuated airway eosinophilia, PAS+\u2009goblet cells and T\n                      <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                      2 responses while enhancing T\n                      <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                      1 and T\n                      <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                      17 cell recruitment to lung. Addition of LPS resulted in more severe, diffuse lung inflammation with scattered, loosely-formed parenchymal granulomas, but failed to alter fungus-induced IgE and IgG antibodies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to the strongly allergic lung phenotype induced by fungal spores alone, addition of a relatively high dose of LPS abrogates asthma-like features, replacing them with a phenotype more consistent with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). These findings extend the already established link between airway mycosis and asthma to HP and describe a robust model for further dissecting the pathophysiology of HP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01850-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T17:51:25Z","timestamp":1633888285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis model induced by airway mycosis and high dose lipopolysaccharide"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuying","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Polsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farrah","family":"Kheradmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda K.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Corry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0070-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.102","volume":"2","author":"P Porter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Porter P, Susarla SC, Polikepahad S, Qian Y, Hampton J, Kiss A, Vaidya S, Sur S, Ongeri V, Yang T, et al. 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