{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:20:18Z","timestamp":1789838418776,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University","award":["2019ZL002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZL002"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2019RU071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RU071"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR201911040452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR201911040452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81627901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81627901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81972863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82030082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82030082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81972796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019MH010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MH010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MH289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MH289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The recommendation of PCI for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) is primarily based on evidence from the pre-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) era. However, as MRI accuracy improves and stereotactic radiosurgery advances, the role of PCI for LS-SCLC has become uncertain. This study aims to compare the contemporary survival outcomes of patients with LS-SCLC treated with PCI versus active surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study in which 1068 patients with LS-SCLC who achieved a good response to first-line chemoradiotherapy were consecutively enrolled from 5 tertiary medical centres between June 2009 and June 2019. Of these patients, 440 received PCI, while 628 received surveillance without PCI. Propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio was performed to balance the baseline characteristics of the two cohorts. The endpoints were overall survival (OS) and the incidence of brain metastasis (BM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 648 patients were matched. The baseline characteristics were generally well balanced. At a median follow-up of 64.5\u00a0months (range 2\u2013190), patients who underwent PCI had a significantly lower risk for BM than those who underwent surveillance. The 3-year cumulative incidence rate of BM was 28.2% (95% CI 22.5\u201333.8%) in the PCI cohort and 38.5% (32.6\u201344.5%) in the surveillance cohort (Gray\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). However, the lower incidence of BM in the PCI cohort did not translate into a significant extension of OS. The median OS was 35.8\u00a0months (95% CI 27.6\u201344.0\u00a0months) in the PCI cohort versus 32\u00a0months (26.4\u201337.6\u00a0months) in the surveillance cohort (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.74\u20131.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.29). Multivariable analysis showed that disease stage, chemoradiotherapy sequence, and response to chemoradiotherapy were independent prognostic factors for BM or OS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, PCI reduces the risk for BM but does not substantially prolong OS compared with active surveillance. A phase 3, prospective clinical trial (NCT04829708) we initiated is currently underway, which is expected to corroborate our results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T01:02:21Z","timestamp":1664672541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) versus active surveillance in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a retrospective, multicentre study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinshuang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjiao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03364","volume":"39","author":"ME Daly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daly ME, Ismaila N, Decker RH, et al. Radiation therapy for small-cell lung cancer: ASCO guideline endorsement of an ASTRO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(8):931\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410703","volume":"341","author":"A Aup\u00e9rin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aup\u00e9rin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(7):476\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.87","volume":"17","author":"AF Gazdar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD. Small-cell lung cancer: what we know, what we need to know and the path forward. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17(12):725\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2196_CR4","first-page":"811","volume":"65","author":"R Komaki","year":"1981","unstructured":"Komaki R, Cox JD, Whitson W. Risk of brain metastasis from small cell carcinoma of the lung related to length of survival and prophylactic irradiation. Cancer Treat Rep. 1981;65(9\u201310):811\u20134.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2196_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19871101)60:9<2275::AID-CNCR2820600929>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"60","author":"JP Sculier","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sculier JP, Feld R, Evans WK, et al. Neurologic disorders in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 1987;60(9):2275\u201383.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2196_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20043","volume":"100","author":"T Seute","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seute T, Leffers P, ten Velde GP, Twijnstra A. Neurologic disorders in 432 consecutive patients with small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100(4):801\u20136.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"2196_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071780","volume":"357","author":"B Slotman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):664\u201372.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2196_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30230-9","volume":"18","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, Seto T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):663\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2196_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.08.016","volume":"12","author":"CG Rusthoven","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rusthoven CG, Kavanagh BD. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) versus active MRI surveillance for small cell lung cancer: the case for equipoise. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(12):1746\u201354.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2196_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23361","volume":"112","author":"T Seute","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seute T, Leffers P, ten Velde GP, Twijnstra A. Detection of brain metastases from small cell lung cancer: consequences of changing imaging techniques (CT versus MRI). Cancer. 2008;112(8):1827\u201334.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2196_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70263-3","volume":"10","author":"EL Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR, et al. Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(11):1037\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2196_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9839","volume":"316","author":"PD Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, et al. Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(4):401\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2196_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.1271","volume":"6","author":"CG Rusthoven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rusthoven CG, Yamamoto M, Bernhardt D, et al. Evaluation of first-line radiosurgery vs whole-brain radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer brain metastases: the FIRE-SCLC cohort study. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(7):1028\u201337.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2196_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01639","volume":"40","author":"JA Bogart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogart JA, Waqar SN, Mix MD. Radiation and systemic therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(6):661\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10212","key":"2196_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","volume":"394","author":"L Paz-Ares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paz-Ares L, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, et al. Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10212):1929\u201339.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2196_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.08.022","volume":"15","author":"JW Welsh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Welsh JW, Heymach JV, Guo C, et al. Phase 1\/2 trial of pembrolizumab and concurrent chemoradiation therapy for limited-stage SCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(12):1919\u201327.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2196_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709937","volume":"377","author":"SJ Antonia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1919\u201329.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2196_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.1929","volume":"3","author":"TA Pezzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pezzi TA, Fang P, Gjyshi O, et al. Rates of overall survival and intracranial control in the magnetic resonance imaging era for patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer with and without prophylactic cranial irradiation. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4): e201929.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"2196_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2021.03.018","volume":"33","author":"S Ghanta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghanta S, Keller A, Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez JL, Patel A, Beriwal S. Utility of prophylactic cranial irradiation for limited stage small cell lung cancer in the modern era with magnetic resonance imaging surveillance. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2021;33(8):e323\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2196_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.11.012","volume":"122","author":"AS Farooqi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farooqi AS, Holliday EB, Allen PK, Wei X, Cox JD, Komaki R. Prophylactic cranial irradiation after definitive chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: do all patients benefit? Radiother Oncol. 2017;122(2):307\u201312.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2196_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2021.06.009","volume":"30","author":"M Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan M, Toh TS, Lindsay PE, et al. Limited-stage small cell lung cancer: outcomes associated with prophylactic cranial irradiation over a 20-year period at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2021;30:43\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2196_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.833478","volume":"12","author":"C Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi C, Li W, Li H, et al. Benefits of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the MRI era for patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2022;12: 833478.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2196_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026","volume":"45","author":"EA Eisenhauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2196_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006308808769","volume":"44","author":"PD Schellinger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schellinger PD, Meinck HM, Thron A. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CCT in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 1999;44(3):275\u201381.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2196_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006427407281","volume":"48","author":"MM Hochstenbag","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hochstenbag MM, Twijnstra A, Wilmink JT, Wouters EF, ten Velde GP. Asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC): MR-imaging is useful at initial diagnosis. J Neurooncol. 2000;48(3):243\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2196_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.02.033","volume":"86","author":"V Gondi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gondi V, Paulus R, Bruner DW, et al. Decline in tested and self-reported cognitive functioning after prophylactic cranial irradiation for lung cancer: pooled secondary analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials 0212 and 0214. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86(4):656\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"2196_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq576","volume":"22","author":"C Le P\u00e9choux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le P\u00e9choux C, Laplanche A, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Clinical neurological outcome and quality of life among patients with limited small-cell cancer treated with two different doses of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the intergroup phase III trial (PCI99-01, EORTC 22003\u201308004, RTOG 0212 and IFCT 99\u201301). Ann Oncol. 2011;22(5):1154\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2196_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.6053","volume":"29","author":"A Sun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sun A, Bae K, Gore EM, et al. Phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation compared with observation in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: neurocognitive and quality-of-life analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):279\u201386.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2196_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5694","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25341","volume":"116","author":"M Giuliani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giuliani M, Sun A, Bezjak A, et al. Utilization of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited stage small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2010;116(24):5694\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2196_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2017.08.001","volume":"2","author":"BH Lok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lok BH, Ma J, Foster A, et al. Factors influencing the utilization of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2017;2(4):548\u201354.","journal-title":"Adv Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"28","key":"2196_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00639","volume":"39","author":"N Rodr\u00edguez de Dios","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez de Dios N, Cou\u00f1ago F, Murcia-Mej\u00eda M, et al. Randomized phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation with or without hippocampal avoidance for small-cell lung cancer (PREMER): a GICOR-GOECP-SEOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(28):3118\u201327.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2196_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.12.024","volume":"16","author":"JSA Belderbos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belderbos JSA, De Ruysscher DKM, De Jaeger K, et al. Phase 3 randomized trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation with or without hippocampus avoidance in SCLC (NCT01780675). J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(5):840\u20139.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2196_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-9-218","volume":"9","author":"E Ojerholm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ojerholm E, Alonso-Basanta M, Simone CB 2nd. Stereotactic radiosurgery alone for small cell lung cancer: a neurocognitive benefit? Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:218.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2196_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.11.059","volume":"83","author":"S Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris S, Chan MD, Lovato JF, et al. Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery as salvage therapy after failure of whole-brain radiotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(1):e53\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2196_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1593-2","volume":"15","author":"Y Ozawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozawa Y, Omae M, Fujii M, et al. Management of brain metastasis with magnetic resonance imaging and stereotactic irradiation attenuated benefits of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:589.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2196_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-9-152","volume":"9","author":"S Yomo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yomo S, Hayashi M. Upfront stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with brain metastases from small cell lung cancer: retrospective analysis of 41 patients. Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:152.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2196_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809064","volume":"379","author":"L Horn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szcz\u0119sna A, et al. First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2220\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T01:02:29Z","timestamp":1664672549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02196-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the independent ethics committees of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital. Due to the retrospective design, no separate informed consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"274"}}