{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:07:20Z","timestamp":1765976840717,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019880","name":"Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["357\/2021\/DA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["357\/2021\/DA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study provides a detailed analysis of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and immunity levels against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 among soldiers and military personnel in Poland. Owing to their unique service environments, this occupational group is at high risk. During deployments, they often face adverse physical conditions, close living quarters, and exposure to both local and endemic pathogens. It particularly increases their susceptibility to RTIs, which remain a leading cause of illness worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study cohort included 379 participants aged between 19 and 60\u00a0years. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to detect 34 common respiratory pathogens and analyzed blood serum samples to assess the degree of immunity against the influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. In 78.10% of the participants, at least one respiratory pathogen was detected.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most common (8.71%), followed by SARS-CoV-2 (4.75%) and influenza A (H1N1) sw (2.90%). <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen (18.47%), with significant occurrences of <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (14.24%) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (9.76%). Additionally, 52.3% of those with coinfections had combinations of bacterial and viral pathogens, highlighting the complexity of diagnosing and managing these infections. We also assessed immunity levels, which focused on antibodies specific to influenza A\/B and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. For all the results obtained, statistical analyses were performed. A weak positive correlation between age and levels of anti-influenza antibodies was observed, suggesting a slight increase in antibody levels with age. A total of 81.53% of the participants had received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A significant correlation between the number of vaccine doses and higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was observed, indicating stronger immunity with more vaccinations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study underscores the importance of specialized health monitoring and preventive measures such as vaccinations to protect military personnel from RTIs and maintain their operational readiness. The detailed analysis of pathogen prevalence and immunity levels offers valuable insights into this occupational group's health risks and needs.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Clinical trial number<\/jats:italic>: Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:21:01Z","timestamp":1740147661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of the prevalence of respiratory pathogens and the level of immunity to respiratory viruses in soldiers and civilian military employees in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Nakonieczna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kwiatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Abramowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zawadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Bany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"G\u0142owacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Skuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Lepionka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3142_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr.2021.105924","volume":"23","author":"M Pietrzykowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pietrzykowska M, Nowicka-Sauer K, Siebert J. Respiratory tract infections in primary health care: prevalence and antibiotic prescribing in a primary care practice during one year. Fam Med Prim Care Rev. 2021;23(2):203\u20138.","journal-title":"Fam Med Prim Care Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3142_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12040450","volume":"12","author":"E Ejchman-Pac","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ejchman-Pac E, Rzepka M, Gierlach M, Szyma\u0144ski P, Zawadzka M. Evaluation of knowledge and self-awareness of polish soldiers regarding exposure to chemical and physical factors in their place of service\/work. Healthcare. 2024;12(4):450.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"3142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.09.016","volume":"209","author":"K Korzeniewski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korzeniewski K, Nitsch-Osuch A, Konior M, Lass A. Respiratory tract infections in the military environment. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2015;209:76\u201380.","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3142_CR4","first-page":"425","volume":"4","author":"R Krenke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krenke R, Chorostowska-Wynimko J, D\u0105browska M, Bie\u0144kowski P, Arcimowicz M, Grabczak EM. Management of cough in adults\u2013recommendations for family physicians. Gen Pract. 2018;4(6):425\u201352.","journal-title":"Gen Pract"},{"key":"3142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01475-y","volume":"18","author":"G Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu G, Xu D, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhang L, Gu W, Shen M. Epidemiological characteristics of four common respiratory viral infections in children. Virol J. 2021;18:10.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3142_CR6","first-page":"325","volume":"7","author":"AM Fal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fal AM, Babicki M, Bro\u017cek-M\u0105dry E, Dobrzy\u0144ski P, Ja\u017awi\u0144ska-Tarnawska E, Karniej P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of selected respiratory infections and inflammatory diseases: guidelines for primary health care professionals. Gen Pract. 2021;7(5):325\u201353.","journal-title":"Gen Pract"},{"key":"3142_CR7","unstructured":"EPIMELD. Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2023. Basic working tables - preliminary data status on 29.03.2024. 2024. https:\/\/wwwold.pzh.gov.pl\/oldpage\/epimeld\/2023\/Ch_2023.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"3142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13203","volume":"66","author":"C Nypaver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nypaver C, Dehlinger C, Carter C. Influenza and influenza vaccine: a review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2021;66(1):45\u201353.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6","volume":"19","author":"F Krammer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krammer F. The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(6):383\u201397.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S394760","volume":"16","author":"M \u0141ysek-G\u0142adysi\u0144ska","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0141ysek-G\u0142adysi\u0144ska M, Starz M, Borowiec-S\u0119k A, Sufin I, Wieczorek A, Chrapek M, et al. The levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG antibodies before and after the third dose of vaccination against COVID-19. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:145\u201360.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"3142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-40181-4.00026-8","volume-title":"Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases","author":"DE Pappas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pappas DE. The common cold\u2014clinical syndromes and cardinal features of infectious diseases: Approach to diagnosis and initial management. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, Kimberlin D, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018. p. 199- 202.e1."},{"issue":"2","key":"3142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04181-3","volume":"195","author":"S Khare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khare S, Niharika Singh A, Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh S. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: types, working principle, and its impact on thrombosis and gastrointestinal disorders. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2023;195(2):1541\u201373.","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L926","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00374.2020","volume":"319","author":"SL Loo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loo SL, Wark PAB, Esneau C, Nichol KS, Hsu AC, Bartlett NW. Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 replicate and induce distinct antiviral responses in differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;319(6):L926\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"3142_CR14","volume-title":"Upper respiratory tract infection","author":"M Thomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomas M, Bomar P. Upper respiratory tract infection. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018."},{"key":"3142_CR15","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/symptoms\/coldflu.htm. Accessed 20 June 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"3142_CR16","first-page":"226","volume":"16","author":"A Trajman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trajman A, Menzies D. Occupational respiratory infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16(3):226\u201334.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"3142_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2174\/1573398X11666151026221151","volume":"12","author":"TB Aasen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aasen TB. Occupational exposure and respiratory tract infections\u2014at risk workers in the international context. Curr Respir Med Rev. 2016;12:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Respir Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.08.003","volume":"41","author":"MA de Perio","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Perio MA, Kobayashi M, Wortham JM. Occupational respiratory infections. Clin Chest Med. 2020;41(4):739\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3142_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70831-X","volume":"14","author":"P Gautret","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gautret P, Gray GC, Charrel RN, Odezulu NG, Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Memish ZA. Emerging viral respiratory tract infections\u2014environmental risk factors and transmission. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(11):1113\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02760-1","volume":"474","author":"LR Drummond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drummond LR, Campos HO, Drummond FR, de Oliveira GM, Fernandes JGRP, Amorim R, et al. Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pflug Arch Eur J Physiol. 2022;474(12):1221\u201348.","journal-title":"Pflug Arch Eur J Physiol"},{"key":"3142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2008.09.002","volume":"1","author":"V German","year":"2008","unstructured":"German V, Kopterides P, Poulikakos P, Giannakos G, Falagas ME. Respiratory tract infections in a military recruit setting: a prospective cohort study. J Infect Public Health. 2008;1:101\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"3142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101267","volume":"24","author":"T Azimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azimi T, Hamidi-Farahani R, Asgari A, Rajabi J, Ahmadi M, Darvishi M, Aminianfar M, Naghoosi H, Soleiman-Meigooni S. Molecular detection and clinical characteristics of bacterial and viral main etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections in Tehran. Iran Gene Rep. 2021;24:101267.","journal-title":"Iran Gene Rep"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"3142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab191","volume":"187","author":"AS Montgomery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montgomery AS, Lustik MB, Reichert-Scrivner SA, Woodbury RL, Jones MU, Horseman TS. Respiratory viral pathogens among US. Military personnel at a medical treatment facility in Hawaii from 2014 to 2019. Mil Med. 2022;187(1\/2):182.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"3142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad243","volume":"189","author":"AS Papazoglou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papazoglou AS, Athanaseas I, Fousekis K, Kasotakis N, Kolokouris S, Zisakis T, Kyriakoulis KG. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in a military recruit training center of the Hellenic navy: a retrospective analysis of the Poros registry serving as a quality improvement project for medical officers. Mil Med. 2024;189: e166.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e38","volume":"39","author":"D Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D, Lee E, Eom J, Kim Y, Kwon SH, Oh HS, Huh K, Park H, Jung J, Park B. Prevalence and burden of human adenovirus-associated acute respiratory illness in the Republic of Korea military, 2013 to 2022. J Korean Med Sci. 2024;39(4): e38.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"3142_CR26","volume-title":"Medical microbiology","author":"PV Dasaraju","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dasaraju PV, Liu C. Infections of the respiratory system. In: Baron S, editor. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"3142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.94837","volume":"37","author":"A Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A, Tymczyna L, Wlaz\u0142o \u0141, Nowakowicz-D\u0119bek B, Trawi\u0144ska B. Staphylococcus aureus carriage state in healthy adult population and phenotypic and genotypic properties of isolated strains. Adv Dermatol Allergol. 2020;37(2):184\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Dermatol Allergol"},{"key":"3142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-325","volume":"13","author":"TJ Vento","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vento TJ, Calvano TP, Cole DW, Mende K, Rini EA, Tully CC, Landrum ML, Zera W, Guymon CH, Yu X, Beckius ML, Cheatle KA, Murray CK. Staphylococcus aureus colonization of healthy military service members in the United States and Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:325.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3142_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00274","volume":"181","author":"J Curry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curry J, Maguire JD, Fraser J, Tribble DR, Deiss RG, Bryan C, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk factors for infection among military personnel in a shipboard setting. Mil Med. 2016;181(6):524\u20139.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"3142_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.10.012","volume":"24","author":"HV Aamot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aamot HV, Eskonsipo PKJ, J\u00f8rgensen SB, Blomfeldt A. Staphylococcus aureus colonization during military service: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol and Infect. 2018;24:744\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol and Infect"},{"key":"3142_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.014","volume":"26","author":"E Jauneikaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jauneikaite E, Ferguson T, Mosavie M, Fallowfield JL, Davey T, Thorpe N, et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and acquisition of skin and soft tissue infection among Royal Marines recruits: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26:381.e1-381.e6.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3142_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00004","volume":"8","author":"RM Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin RM, Bachman MA. Colonization, infection, and the accessory genome of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:4.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3142_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103998","volume":"348","author":"HL Dugan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dugan HL, Henry C, Wilson PC. Aging and influenza vaccine-induced immunity. Cell Immunol. 2020;348:103998.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"198","key":"3142_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198ra107","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006637","volume":"5","author":"MS Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller MS, Gardner TJ, Krammer F, Aguado LC, Tortorella D, Basler CF, Palese P. Neutralizing antibodies against previously encountered influenza virus strains increase over time: a longitudinal analysis. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(198):198ra107.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3142_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01996-15","volume":"7","author":"R Nachbagauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nachbagauer R, Choi A, Izikson R, Cox MM, Palese P, Krammer F. Age dependence and isotype specificity of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies in humans. MBio. 2016;7(1):10\u2013128.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"3142_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00277-x","volume":"3","author":"LL Dietz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dietz LL, Juhl AK, S\u00f8gaard OS, Reekie J, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, et al. Impact of age and comorbidities on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced T cell immunity. Commun Med. 2023;3(1):58.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3142_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302","volume":"4","author":"HS Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, Acker KP, Yee J, Chen Z, Karbaschi M, Zuk R, Rand S, Sukhu A, Klasse PJ, Cushing MM, Chadburn A, Zhao Z. Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3): e214302.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"3142_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003413","volume":"41","author":"P Zimmermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why does the severity of COVID-19 differ with age?: understanding the mechanisms underlying the age gradient in outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2022;41(2): e36.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3142_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-1870(98)80051-4","volume":"9","author":"JO Hendley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hendley JO. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 1998;9(1):50\u20135.","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3142_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.10.008","volume":"10","author":"JE McElhaney","year":"2011","unstructured":"McElhaney JE. Influenza vaccine responses in older adults. Aging Res Rev. 2011;10(3):379\u201388.","journal-title":"Aging Res Rev"},{"key":"3142_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandjean L, Saso A, Torres A, Lam T, Hatcher J, Thistlethwayte R, et al. Humoral response dynamics following infection with SARS-CoV-2. MedRxiv. 2020;2020-07.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.16.20155663"},{"issue":"4","key":"3142_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-02800-0","volume":"79","author":"Z Yousefi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yousefi Z, Taheri N, Dargahi M, Chaman R, Binesh E, Emamian MH, Jafari R. Long-term persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Curr Microbiol. 2022;79(4):96.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3142_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220569","volume":"78","author":"J Be\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Be\u0161evi\u0107 J, Lacey B, Callen H, Omiyale W, Conroy M, Feng Q, et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over 18 months following infection: UK Biobank COVID-19 Serology Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2024;78(2):105\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"7868","key":"3142_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03653-6","volume":"595","author":"U Sahin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahin U, Muik A, Vogler I, Derhovanessian E, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, et al. BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans. Nature. 2021;595(7868):572\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:21:09Z","timestamp":1740147669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03142-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}