{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:29:35Z","timestamp":1792114175512,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China, 2024","award":["A2024650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2024650"]}]},{"name":"The Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2022B1111020006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1111020006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T16:36:22Z","timestamp":1751474182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infectious diseases in the first year after COVID-19 pandemic in Guangdong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10127","key":"3308_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","volume":"391","author":"AD Iuliano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, Muscatello DJ, Palekar R, Tempia S, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1285\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10340","key":"3308_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","volume":"399","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM, Caballero MT, Feikin DR, Gill CJ, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10340):2047\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"3308_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30264-5","volume":"7","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Reeves RM, Wang X, Bassat Q, Brooks WA, Cohen C, et al. Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1031\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30264-5","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"3308_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100282","volume":"17","author":"J Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao J, Dai J, Hu J, Liu T, Gong D, Li X, et al. Co-benefits of nonpharmaceutical intervention against COVID-19 on infectious diseases in china: a large population-based observational study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;17:100282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100282","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"3308_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S396434","volume":"16","author":"YC Chuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuang YC, Lin KP, Wang LA, Yeh TK, Liu PY. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory syncytial virus infection: a narrative review. Infect Drug Resist. 2023;16:661\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S396434","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3784\/jbjc.202104210222","volume":"37","author":"XH Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan XH, Ye MY, Zhuang YL, Deng AP, Yang YW, Zhang YT, et al. Seasonal epidemiological characteristics and dynamic changes of influenza viruses subtypes\/lineages in guangdong, 2014\u20132020 (In Chinese). Dis Surveill. 2022;37(1):108\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3784\/jbjc.202104210222","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01002-x","volume":"11","author":"WJ Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang WJ, Cheng YH, Tan MJ, Liu J, Li XY, Zeng XX, et al. Epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza viruses in China during 2020\u20132021. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11(1):74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-022-01002-x","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"2","key":"3308_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00344-0","volume":"5","author":"PM Meyer Sauteur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meyer Sauteur PM, Beeton ML, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Study group for mycoplasma and chlamydia infections (ESGMAC), and the ESGMAC Mycoplasma pneumoniae surveillance (MAPS) study group. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: delayed re-emergence after COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(2):e100\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00344-0","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"3308_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300704","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.2.2300704","volume":"29","author":"C Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong C, Huang F, Suo L, Guan X, Kang L, Xie H, et al. Increase of respiratory illnesses among children in beijing, china, during the autumn and winter of 2023. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(2):2300704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.2.2300704","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00793-9","volume":"20","author":"XB Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang XB, He W, Gui YH, Lu Q, Yin Y, Zhang JH, et al. Current Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic among children in shanghai: unusual pneumonia caused by usual pathogen. World J Pediatr. 2024;20(1):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00793-9","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3308_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211727","volume":"28","author":"J Piret","year":"2022","unstructured":"Piret J, Boivin G. Viral interference between respiratory viruses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):273\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2802.211727","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab147","volume":"224","author":"K Dee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dee K, Goldfarb DM, Haney J, Amat JAR, Herder V, Stewart M, et al. Human rhinovirus infection blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication within the respiratory epithelium: implications for COVID-19 epidemiology. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(1):31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab147","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"52","key":"3308_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","volume":"116","author":"S Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nickbakhsh S, Mair C, Matthews L, Reeve R, Johnson PCD, Thorburn F, et al. Virus-virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(52):27142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"3308_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001923","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00019-23","volume":"11","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Xiao Y, Xiang Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Wang X, et al. Statistical analysis of common respiratory viruses reveals the binary of virus-virus interaction. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(4):e0001923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00019-23","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"3308_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116729","volume":"111","author":"D Zhenghua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhenghua D, Ji Y, Wanjun Y, Gen L, Yabiao Z, Lingyun J. Analysis of respiratory RNA virus detection in the laboratory of a teaching hospital in Shanghai from 2017 to 2023. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025;111(4):116729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116729","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3308_CR16","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. National Health Commission Press conference on 13 November 2023. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 25]. Available from: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/xcs\/s3574\/202311\/0807e750e6cc4a81a22b6d881913cf5d.shtml. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"3308_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.058","volume":"104","author":"M Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang M, Tan X, Ye M, Liao Y, Song T, Tang S. The moving epidemic method applied to influenza surveillance in guangdong, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:594\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.058","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3308_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107372","volume":"151","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen H, Tao F, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Cheng J, et al. Global analysis of influenza epidemic characteristics in the first two seasons after lifting the nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2025;151:107372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107372","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"3308_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00405","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00405-6","volume":"S2666\u20135247","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Li S, Yang H, Chen Z, Zhou Z. Resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumonia by macrolide-resistant epidemic clones in China. Lancet Microbe. 2024;S2666\u20135247(23):00405\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00405-6","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"3308_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2024.100808","volume":"49","author":"SW Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park SW, Noble B, Howerton E, Nielsen BF, Lentz S, Ambroggio L, et al. Predicting the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 on Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the united States. Epidemics. 2024;49:100808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2024.100808","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"3308_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106944","volume":"196","author":"H Tahmasebi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahmasebi H, Babaeizad A, Mohammadlou M, Alibabaei F, Banihashemian SZ, Eslami M. Reemergence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: pathogenesis and new approaches. Microb Pathog. 2024;196:106944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106944","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25120-6","volume":"12","author":"ZJ Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li ZJ, Zhang HY, Ren LL, Lu QB, Ren X, Zhang CH, et al. Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25120-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"3308_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3651","volume":"174","author":"T Heald-Sargent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heald-Sargent T, Muller WJ, Zheng X, Rippe J, Patel AB, Kociolek LK. Age-related differences in nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) levels in patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):902\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3651","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"3308_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1422-1","volume":"15","author":"K Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen K, Jia R, Li L, Yang C, Shi Y. The aetiology of community associated pneumonia in children in nanjing, China and aetiological patterns associated with age and season. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1422-1","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy419","volume":"68","author":"PK Kutty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kutty PK, Jain S, Taylor TH, Bramley AM, Diaz MH, Ampofo K, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae among children hospitalized with Community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(1):5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy419","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3308_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412887","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2412887","volume":"20","author":"P Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng P, Xue C, Yang T, Zheng B, Liu W, Yang L, et al. Epidemiological analysis of influenza vaccination coverage in Pudong new area, Shanghai (2013\u20132023): implications for influenza vaccination strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024;20(1):2412887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2412887","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"3308_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101205","volume":"65","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, Klein SL, Garibaldi BT, Li H, Wu C, Osevala NM, et al. Aging in COVID-19: vulnerability, immunity and intervention. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;65:101205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101205","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"3308_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","volume":"372","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K, Bramley AM, Reed C, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. Children. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):835\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3308_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20211222-01490","volume":"37","author":"ZD Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie ZD, Deng JK, Ren LL, Zhang Y, Chen XP, Zhang HL, et al. Expert consensus on nucleic acid amplification test of respiratory pathogens in children (In Chinese). Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr. 2022;37(5):321\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20211222-01490","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T16:36:26Z","timestamp":1751474186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03308-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Medical Research Ethics Review Committee of Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention had approved the study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, with approval number of W96-027E-202412 in April 22, 2024.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"222"}}