{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1781626051434,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COPD and impairment in diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) are common comorbidities in people with HIV (PWH). HIV may increase susceptibility to inhaled toxins including air pollution. In PWH and people without HIV (PWoH), we investigated whether air pollution exposure was associated with within-group differences in lung function or respiratory symptoms, and whether these associations differed by HIV serostatus or the presence of underlying lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), including participants with pulmonary function tests and accompanying standardized respiratory questionnaires in 2017\u20132020. The participants were linked to fine particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and ozone exposure data. Associations between exposures and respiratory outcomes were quantified with regression models. Two subgroup analyses were conducted, restricting to individuals with COPD (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC ratio\u2009&lt;\u20090.7) or impaired DLCO (&lt;\u200980% predicted).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      338 MACS participants and 1073 WIHS participants were included. Overall, there were no significant associations between pollution exposures and either lung function or respiratory symptoms. In PWH with COPD, 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      greater exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with worse St. George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score (4.04 points; 95% CI 0.36\u20137.72) and worse modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea score (0.28 points; 95% CI 0.02\u20130.53). In PWH with impaired DLCO, 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      greater PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure was associated with worse SGRQ (2.14 points, 95% CI 0.2\u20134.08) and mMRC (0.16 points, 95% CI 0.02\u20130.29). There were no significant associations between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and respiratory symptoms in PWoH with COPD or impaired DLCO. Ozone exposure was not associated with respiratory symptoms in PWH or PWoH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure may act synergistically with HIV infection to worsen respiratory symptoms in people with chronic lung disease. Further study is needed to determine if air pollution leads to decline in lung function in PWH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:07:15Z","timestamp":1766146035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Greater ambient air pollution exposure is associated with worse respiratory symptoms in men and women with HIV and chronic lung disease: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"May-Lin","family":"Wilgus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayleigh P.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Elf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison G.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya P.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell G.","family":"Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardge H.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Detels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Bradley","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Fischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Foronjy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Dean","family":"Hosgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken M.","family":"Kunisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarath","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Stosor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Tashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri D.","family":"Weiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Wingood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Barjaktarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3398_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0836OC","volume":"183","author":"K Crothers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crothers K, Huang L, Goulet JL, Goetz MB, Brown ST, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, et al. HIV infection and risk for incident pulmonary diseases in the combination antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):388\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202404-384OC","volume":"22","author":"I Konstantinidis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Konstantinidis I, Zou RH, Papageorgiou SN, Ronit A, Drummond MB, Kunisaki KM, et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on lung function and structure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2025;22(2):274\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3398_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-218910","volume":"78","author":"RF Thudium","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thudium RF, Ronit A, Afzal S, \u00c7olak Y, Forman JL, Mendo F, et al. Faster lung function decline in people living with HIV despite adequate treatment: a longitudinal matched cohort study. Thorax. 2023;78(6):535\u201342.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"3398_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00006","volume":"132","author":"PT Diaz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diaz PT, King MA, Pacht ER, Wewers MD, Gadek JE, Nagaraja HN, et al. Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(5):369\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"3398_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9912058","volume":"162","author":"AM Morris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morris AM, Huang L, Bacchetti P, Turner J, Hopewell PC, Wallace JM, et al. Permanent declines in pulmonary function following pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. The pulmonary complications of HIV infection study group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(2 Pt 1):612\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3398_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a9215a","volume":"64","author":"K Crothers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crothers K, McGinnis K, Kleerup E, Wongtrakool C, Hoo GS, Kim J, et al. Hiv infection is associated with reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64(3):271\u20138.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201606-492OC","volume":"15","author":"MR Gingo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gingo MR, Nouraie M, Kessinger CJ, Greenblatt RM, Huang L, Kleerup EC, et al. Decreased lung function and all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(2):192\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00450-5","volume":"9","author":"I Konstantinidis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Konstantinidis I, Crothers K, Kunisaki KM, Drummond MB, Benfield T, Zar HJ, et al. HIV-associated lung disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):39.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"3398_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149679","volume":"11","author":"KA Brune","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brune KA, Ferreira F, Mandke P, Chau E, Aggarwal NR, D\u2019Alessio FR, et al. HIV impairs lung epithelial integrity and enters the epithelium to promote chronic lung inflammation. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0149679.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"3398_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.023","volume":"51","author":"A Cota-Gomez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cota-Gomez A, Flores AC, Ling XF, Varella-Garcia M, Flores SC. HIV-1 tat increases oxidant burden in the lungs of transgenic mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(9):1697\u2013707.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3398_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-6-1","volume":"6","author":"C Lassiter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lassiter C, Fan X, Joshi PC, Jacob BA, Sutliff RL, Jones DP, et al. HIV-1 transgene expression in rats causes oxidant stress and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction. AIDS Res Ther. 2009;6:1.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0133","volume":"31","author":"SK Cribbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cribbs SK, Lennox J, Caliendo AM, Brown LA, Guidot DM. Healthy HIV-1-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy harbor HIV-1 in their alveolar macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(1):64\u201370.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169359","volume":"12","author":"K Risso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Risso K, Guillouet-de-Salvador F, Valerio L, Pugli\u00e8se P, Naqvi A, Durant J, et al. COPD in HIV-infected patients: CD4 cell count highly correlated. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169359.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"3398_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1407OC","volume":"191","author":"LM Paulin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulin LM, Diette GB, Blanc PD, Putcha N, Eisner MD, Kanner RE, et al. Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(5):557\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3398_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0408240","volume":"86","author":"RJ Kaner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaner RJ, Santiago F, Crystal RG. Up-regulation of alveolar macrophage matrix metalloproteinases in HIV1(+) smokers with early emphysema. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;86(4):913\u201322.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"3398_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3463104","volume":"2016","author":"IZ Barjaktarevic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barjaktarevic IZ, Crystal RG, Kaner RJ. The role of Interleukin-23 in the early development of emphysema in HIV1(+) smokers. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:3463104.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3398_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1875OC","volume":"191","author":"MB Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice MB, Ljungman PL, Wilker EH, Dorans KS, Gold DR, Schwartz J, et al. Long-term exposure to traffic emissions and fine particulate matter and lung function decline in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(6):656\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3398_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10255","volume":"322","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Aaron CP, Madrigano J, Hoffman EA, Angelini E, Yang J, et al. Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and change in quantitatively assessed emphysema and lung function. JAMA. 2019;322(6):546\u201356.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3398_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S122282","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J, Sun S, Tang R, Qiu H, Huang Q, Mason TG, et al. Major air pollutants and risk of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:3079\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.5498","volume":"180","author":"LM Paulin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paulin LM, Gassett AJ, Alexis NE, Kirwa K, Kanner RE, Peters S, et al. Association of long-term ambient ozone exposure with respiratory morbidity in smokers. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(1):106\u201315.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3398_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx079","volume":"185","author":"EA Engels","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engels EA, Rabkin CS, Goedert JJ. Invited commentary: A landmark study launched in a public health maelstrom. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(11):1157\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy021","volume":"47","author":"AA Adimora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adimora AA, Ramirez C, Benning L, Greenblatt RM, Kempf MC, Tien PC, et al. Cohort profile: the women\u2019s interagency HIV study (WIHS). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(2):393\u2013i4.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3398_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab050","volume":"190","author":"G D\u2019Souza","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza G, Bhondoekhan F, Benning L, Margolick JB, Adedimeji AA, Adimora AA, et al. Characteristics of the MACS\/WIHS combined cohort study: opportunities for research on aging with HIV in the longest US observational study of HIV. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(8):1457\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3398_CR24","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. CMAQ: The Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System. 2005.\u00a0https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/cmaq. Accessed 1 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"3398_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.6.1321","volume":"145","author":"PW Jones","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, Littlejohns P. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(6):1321\u20137.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3398_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","volume":"54","author":"JC Bestall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness of the medical research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999;54(7):581\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-200050513","volume":"2","author":"PW Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones PW. St. george\u2019s respiratory questionnaire: mcid. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2005;2(1):75\u20139.","journal-title":"COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"3398_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2018.1537366","volume":"15","author":"A Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira A, Machado A, Marques A. Minimal important and detectable differences of respiratory measures in outpatients with AECOPD. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2018;15(5):479\u201388.","journal-title":"COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12191","volume":"10","author":"GR Pesola","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pesola GR, Ahsan H. Dyspnea as an independent predictor of mortality. Clin Respir J. 2016;10(2):142\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108","volume":"159","author":"JL Hankinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hankinson JL, Odencrantz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(1):179\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3398_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham BL, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Cooper BG, Jensen R, Kendrick A et al. 2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1):1600016.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"3398_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.2.8564114","volume":"153","author":"LM Neas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Neas LM, Schwartz J. The determinants of pulmonary diffusing capacity in a National sample of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(2):656\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3398_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e727","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac391","volume":"76","author":"RJ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang RJ, Nouraie M, Kunisaki KM, Huang L, Tien PC, Anastos K, et al. Lung function in women with and without human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(3):e727\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"3398_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288803","volume":"18","author":"KL Byanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byanova KL, Fitzpatrick J, Jan AK, McGing M, Hartman-Filson M, Farr CK, et al. Isolated abnormal diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (iso\u2193DLco) is associated with increased respiratory symptom burden in people with HIV infection. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(7):e0288803.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00413-2","volume":"13","author":"P Venkatesan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Venkatesan P. GOLD COPD report: 2025 update. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(1):e7-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.1.67","volume":"52","author":"IM Osman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Osman IM, Godden DJ, Friend JA, Legge JS, Douglas JG. Quality of life and hospital re-admission in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997;52(1):67\u201371.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3398_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0356-1","volume":"17","author":"AL Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin AL, Marvel J, Fahrbach K, Cadarette SM, Wilcox TK, Donohue JF. The association of lung function and St. George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire with exacerbations in COPD: a systematic literature review and regression analysis. Respir Res. 2016;17:40.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3398_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202107-860OC","volume":"19","author":"KR Cromar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cromar KR, Gladson LA, Hicks EA, Marsh B, Ewart G. Excess morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution above American Thoracic Society recommended standards, 2017\u20132019. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19(4):603\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"3398_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201707-614MG","volume":"15","author":"C Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim C, Jary H, Mortimer K, Schweitzer KS, Curran-Everett D, Gordon S, Petrache I. Effects of household air pollution in Malawi and human immunodeficiency virus status on respiratory symptoms and inflammation, injury, and repair markers. Am Ann Thorac Soc. 2018;15:S132\u20133.","journal-title":"Am Ann Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0517-z","volume":"18","author":"CM North","year":"2019","unstructured":"North CM, MacNaughton P, Lai PS, Vallarino J, Okello S, Kakuhikire B, et al. Personal carbon monoxide exposure, respiratory symptoms, and the potentially modifying roles of sex and HIV infection in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Environ Health. 2019;18(1):73.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01146-3","volume":"23","author":"D Basille","year":"2024","unstructured":"Basille D, Soriot L, Weppe F, Desmettres P, Henriques P, Benoit N, et al. Association between acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants in France. Environ Health. 2024;23(1):107.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"3398_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02469-2022","author":"DD Sin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sin DD, Doiron D, Agusti A, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Celli BR, et al. Air pollution and COPD: GOLD 2023 committee report. Eur Respir J. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02469-2022.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3398_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2281","volume":"140","author":"SH Ling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ling SH, McDonough JE, Gosselink JV, Elliott WM, Hayashi S, Hogg JC, van Eeden. S. F. Patterns of retention of particulate matter in lung tissues of patients with COPD: potential role in disease progression. Chest. 2011;140(6):1540\u20139.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3398_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.018","volume":"151","author":"LD Bloemsma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bloemsma LD, Hoek G, Smit LAM. Panel studies of air pollution in patients with COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2016;151:458\u201368.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3398_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132213","volume":"44","author":"T Schikowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schikowski T, Adam M, Marcon A, Cai Y, Vierk\u00f6tter A, Carsin AE, et al. Association of ambient air pollution with the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(3):614\u201326.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01111-0","volume":"23","author":"G Hoek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoek G, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K. Does residential address-based exposure assessment for outdoor air pollution lead to bias in epidemiological studies? Environ Health. 2024;23(1):75.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"3398_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103994","volume":"79","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Xie J, Hu Y, Tian Y. Air pollution and risk of chronic obstructed pulmonary disease: the modifying effect of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle. EBioMedicine. 2022;79:103994.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3398_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002717","volume":"35","author":"NA Hessol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hessol NA, Barrett BW, Margolick JB, Plankey M, Hussain SK, Seaberg EC, et al. Risk of smoking-related cancers among women and men living with and without HIV. AIDS. 2021;35(1):101\u201314.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3398_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-27","volume":"10","author":"MB Drummond","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drummond MB, Kirk GD, Ricketts EP, McCormack MC, Hague JC, McDyer JF, et al. Cross sectional analysis of respiratory symptoms in an injection drug user cohort: the impact of obstructive lung disease and HIV. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10:27.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3398_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000063","volume":"9","author":"C Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong C, Althoff K, Gange SJ. Identifying the appropriate comparison group for HIV-infected individuals. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9(4):379\u201385.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"3398_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001711","volume":"78","author":"CM North","year":"2018","unstructured":"North CM, Muyanja D, Kakuhikire B, Tsai AC, Tracy RP, Hunt PW, et al. Systemic inflammation, immune activation, and impaired lung function among people living with HIV in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78:543\u20138.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-026-03576-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000}}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:27:16Z","timestamp":1781623636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-025-03398-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The co-author name has been corrected.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-026-03576-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-026-03576-8","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All MACS and WIHS participants consented to cohort participation and use of their data for research, with approval obtained from relevant institutional review boards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SB: Funding from NIH, Nuvaira, Sanofi\/Regeneron, Genentech. Fees from Sanofi, Regeneron, Boehringer Ingelheim, Apreo, Genentech, Chiesi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck, Verona Pharma, Polarean, Integrity CE, Medscape, Horizon CME, Illuminate Health, Integratias Communications.RGB: Funding from NIH\/NHLBI, University of California Office of the President, NIH\/NCATS, VA\/HSR&D, COPD Foundation, and Foundation of the NIH. Fees from DynaMed\/American College of Physicians, 2ndMD, Chiesi, Optum, Pri-Med.KMK: Fees from Nuvaira.AM: Funding from Pfizer.SR: Funding from NIH and Areteia Therapeutics.DT: Funding from NIH\/NHLBI, Foundation of the NIH, and COPD Foundation.IB: Funding from Theravance and Viatris, Aerogen, Alpha-1 Foundation, Johnny Carson\u2019s Foundation, Takeda, Amgen. Fees from AstraZeneca, Sanofi\/Regeneron, Grifols, Verona Pharma, Inhibrx, Takeda, Genentech, Aerogen, Therevance and Viatris.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"349"}}