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AiDA measurements were compared across these groups and to 111 healthy controls (never-smokers with normal spirometry and no history of respiratory disease).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Subjects with CAL had significantly larger distal airspaces radii (median\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n =298\u00a0\u03bcm) than controls (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n =278\u00a0\u03bcm,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), but no significant difference was observed in asthmatics (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n =273\u00a0\u03bcm,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.79). Subjects with CT-detected emphysema in the CAL group displayed further differentiation from the control (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n =349\u00a0\u03bcm,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), while those without emphysema displayed no significant increase. Unlike\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n , neither low attenuation volume nor 15th percentile density could clearly distinguish between obstruction and radiologist-assessed emphysema. In addition, the zero-second particle recovery (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n ), which is theorized to reflect conducting airway dysfunction, was decreased in both asthmatics (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.41,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011), and in the CAL group (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.45,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.020) when compared to controls (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.56).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings display AiDA\u2019s potential in identifying emphysema as well as obstructive airway disease. The absence of an increased distal airspace radius in asthmatics confirm that\n r<\/jats:italic>\n AiDA<\/jats:sub>\n is a measure of the distal airspaces, unaffected by abnormalities in the conducting airways. However, the decreased\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n in both asthma and CAL suggests that\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n does reflect conducting airway abnormality.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-026-03706-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:46:03Z","timestamp":1778499963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerosol deposition in the lung as a biomarker in asthma and chronic obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"\u00d6hrneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Malinovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui-Hong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Svartengren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Nicklasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Wollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"L\u00f6ndahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3706_CR1","unstructured":"Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 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SCAPIS was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Ume\u00e5 (Dnr 2010\u2013228-31\u00a0M), Lund (2016\/1031) and Link\u00f6ping (2018\/478\u2009\u2212\u200931) and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Wollmer and L\u00f6ndahl have a patent on the AiDA technique, the other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}