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In this study, we aimed to determine whether patients with NTM-PD are at a higher risk of developing cancer than the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database of South Korea, we identified 21,879 patients newly diagnosed with NTM-PD between 2010 and 2020, and included 218,790 age- and sex-matched control participants. Cumulative incidences of various cancer types were analyzed using competing risk analysis with all-cause mortality as a competing event, and cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic factors and baseline health checkup results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After adjustment, patients with NTM-PD showed a significantly higher risk of overall cancer than did matched controls (adjusted HR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.17\u20131.27;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). In the analysis according to cancer type, the following cancers showed significant changes in risk (adjusted HR [95% confidence interval]): lung cancer (2.25 [2.06\u20132.45]), multiple myeloma (1.74 [1.26\u20132.42]), ovarian cancer (1.33 [1.06\u20131.68]), pancreatic cancer (1.26 [1.09\u20131.45]), and liver cancer (1.22 [1.07\u20131.39]). By contrast, stomach (0.83 [0.72\u20130.96]) and colorectal (0.83 [0.73\u20130.95]) cancers showed a reduced risk. These associations remained robust across multiple sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the general population, patients with NTM-PD are at an increased risk of various cancers, particularly lung cancer. These findings underscore the need for increased cancer surveillance and long-term monitoring of patients with NTM-PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-026-03811-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:33:39Z","timestamp":1784205219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cancer risk in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-7379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Kyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeok-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5669-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngmok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.08.012","volume":"44","author":"DR Prevots","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prevots DR, Marshall JE, Wagner D, Morimoto K. 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