{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:49:51Z","timestamp":1791726591790,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bodyweight variability is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to examine the relationship between bodyweight variability and the risk of AF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and whether this relationship was affected by baseline body mass index (BMI), weight change, or advanced diabetic stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationwide population-based cohort of 670,797 patients with type 2 DM from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database without a history of AF and with\u2009\u2265\u20093 measurements of bodyweight over a 5-year period were followed up for AF development. Intra-individual bodyweight variability was calculated using variability independent of mean, and high bodyweight variability was defined as the quintile with the highest variability with the lower four quintiles as reference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a median of 7.0\u00a0years of follow-up, 22,019 patients (3.3%) newly developed AF. After multivariate adjustment, those in the highest quintile of bodyweight variability showed a higher risk of incident AF (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.12\u20131.20) compared to those in the lower 4 quintiles with reference bodyweight variability, irrespective of baseline BMI group and direction of overall weight change. This association was greater in magnitude in subjects with lower BMI, those on insulin, and those with a DM duration of greater than 5\u00a0years. In sensitivity analyses, high bodyweight variability was consistently associated with AF development using other indices of variability and adjusting for glycemic variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High variability in bodyweight was associated with AF development, independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and baseline BMI. This association was stronger in underweight patients and with advanced diabetic stage. Weight fluctuation may interfere with the beneficial effects of weight loss and should be avoided when possible in weight control regimens for DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T13:02:54Z","timestamp":1592053374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["High variability in bodyweight is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0411-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eue-Keun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Do","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euijae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Ryoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seil","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y. H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","volume":"129","author":"SS Chugh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ, Gillum RF, Kim YH, McAnulty JH Jr, Zheng ZJ, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation. 2014;129(8):837\u201347.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"1059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2019.0212","volume":"49","author":"B Joung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joung B. Risk factor management for atrial fibrillation. Korean Circ J. 2019;49(9):794\u2013807.","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309732","volume":"120","author":"L Staerk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staerk L, Sherer JA, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH. Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes. Circ Res. 2017;120(9):1501\u201317.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0932-z","volume":"18","author":"YG Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim YG, Han KD, Choi JI, Boo KY, Kim DY, Oh SK, Lee KN, Shim J, Kim JS, Kim YH. The impact of body weight and diabetes on new-onset atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):128.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0170-3","volume":"14","author":"I Grundvold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grundvold I, Bodegard J, Nilsson PM, Svennblad B, Johansson G, Ostgren CJ, Sundstrom J. Body weight and risk of atrial fibrillation in 7,169 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; an observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.940","volume":"68","author":"S Jamaly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamaly S, Carlsson L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjostrom L, Karason K. Bariatric surgery and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in Swedish obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(23):2497\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280521","volume":"310","author":"HS Abed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, Shirazi MG, Bahrami B, Middeldorp ME, Lorimer MF, Lau DH, Antic NA, Brooks AG, et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(19):2050\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"20","key":"1059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.002","volume":"65","author":"RK Pathak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, Twomey D, Elliott AD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, et al. Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(20):2159\u201369.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S008","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes A","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes A. 8. obesity management for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S89\u201397.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2016.10.284","volume":"11","author":"GM Mackie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mackie GM, Samocha-Bonet D, Tam CS. Does weight cycling promote obesity and metabolic risk factors? Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017;11(2):131\u20139.","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"23","key":"1059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034978","volume":"138","author":"MK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim MK, Han K, Park YM, Kwon HS, Kang G, Yoon KH, Lee SH. Associations of variability in blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and body mass index with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in the general population. Circulation. 2018;138(23):2627\u201337.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"14","key":"1059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606148","volume":"376","author":"S Bangalore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Laskey R, DeMicco DA, Messerli FH, Waters DD. Body-weight fluctuations and outcomes in coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1332\u201340.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004724","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004724","volume":"11","author":"S Bangalore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bangalore S, Fayyad R, DeMicco DA, Colhoun HM, Waters DD. Body weight variability and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2018;11(11):e004724.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.11.016","volume":"123","author":"P Yeboah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeboah P, Hsu FC, Bertoni AG, Yeboah J. Body mass index, change in weight, body weight variability and outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (from the ACCORD Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(4):576\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.09.029","volume":"17","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Choi EK, Han KD, Lee E, Moon I, Lee SR, Cha MJ, Oh S, Lip GYH. Bodyweight fluctuation is associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2019;17:365\u201371.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"23","key":"1059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012771","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012771","volume":"8","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Lee SR, Choi EK, Han KD, Oh S. Low lipid levels and high variability are associated with the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(23):e012771.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46656","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46656","volume":"7","author":"J Noh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noh J, Han KD, Ko SH, Ko KS, Park CY. Trends in the pervasiveness of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and co-morbidities during an 8-year-follow-up of nationwide Korean population. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46656.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0838-9","volume":"18","author":"MK Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim MK, Han K, Koh ES, Kim ES, Lee MK, Nam GE, Kwon HS. Weight change and mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with new-onset diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):36.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.03.103","volume":"240","author":"H Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee H, Choi EK, Lee SH, Han KD, Rhee TM, Park CS, Lee SR, Choe WS, Lim WH, Kang SH, et al. Atrial fibrillation risk in metabolically healthy obesity: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2017;240:221\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195210","volume":"13","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Choi EK, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Han KD, Oh S. Risk of ischemic stroke in metabolically healthy obesity: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0195210.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"25","key":"1059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.052","volume":"73","author":"SR Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee SR, Lee HJ, Choi EK, Han KD, Jung JH, Cha MJ, Oh S, Lip GYH. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and liver disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(25):3295\u2013308.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpw124","volume":"30","author":"Y Yano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yano Y. Visit-to-Visit blood pressure variability-what is the current challenge? Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(2):112\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"1059_CR23","unstructured":"WHO Western Pacific Region IIAftSoO, International Obesity TaskForce: The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. 2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"1059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.03.073","volume":"159","author":"C Serban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Serban C, Arinze JT, Starreveld R, Lanters EAH, Yaksh A, Kik C, Acardag Y, Knops P, Bogers A, de Groot NMS. The impact of obesity on early postoperative atrial fibrillation burden. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(3):930\u20138.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2018.11.021","volume":"15","author":"KT Lynch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lynch KT, Mehaffey JH, Hawkins RB, Hassinger TE, Hallowell PT, Kirby JL. Bariatric surgery reduces incidence of atrial fibrillation: a propensity score-matched analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15(2):279\u201385.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.08.009","volume":"124","author":"OM Aldaas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aldaas OM, Lupercio F, Han FT, Hoffmayer KS, Krummen D, Ho G, Raissi F, Birgersdotter-Green U, Feld GK, Hsu JC. Meta-analysis of effect of modest (>\/=10%) weight loss in management of overweight and obese patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(10):1568\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1059_CR27","first-page":"191","volume":"2","author":"K Strohacker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strohacker K, Carpenter KC, McFarlin BK. Consequences of weight cycling: an increase in disease risk? Int J Exerc Sci. 2009;2(3):191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"34","key":"1059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz390","volume":"40","author":"T Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng T, Vegard M, Strand LB, Laugsand LE, Morkedal B, Aune D, Vatten L, Ellekjaer H, Loennechen JP, Mukamal K, et al. Weight and weight change and risk of atrial fibrillation: the HUNT study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(34):2859\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.001244","volume":"7","author":"RR Huxley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huxley RR, Misialek JR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Chen LY, Alonso A. Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(4):620\u20135.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"1059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.036","volume":"215","author":"SH Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang SH, Choi EK, Han KD, Lee SR, Lim WH, Cha MJ, Cho Y, Oh IY, Oh S. Underweight is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2016;215:449\u201356.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307015","volume":"101","author":"F Macheret","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macheret F, Bartz TM, Djousse L, Ix JH, Mukamal KJ, Zieman SJ, Siscovick DS, Tracy RP, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM, et al. Higher circulating adiponectin levels are associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation in older adults. Heart. 2015;101(17):1368\u201374.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"1059_CR32","first-page":"484","volume":"35","author":"M Anaszewicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anaszewicz M, Banas W, Wawrzenczyk A, Budzynski J. Body composition in patients with atrial fibrillation. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2019;35(5):484\u201392.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9356-2","volume":"148","author":"YQ Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan YQ, Zou LJ. Relation between zinc, copper, and magnesium concentrations following cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;148(2):148\u201353.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0927-9","volume":"18","author":"M Packer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Packer M. Disease-treatment interactions in the management of patients with obesity and diabetes who have atrial fibrillation: the potential mediating influence of epicardial adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):121.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.020","volume":"74","author":"A Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang A, Green JB, Halperin JL, Piccini JP Sr. Atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(8):1107\u201315.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0928-8","volume":"18","author":"YH Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan YH, Chang GJ, Lai YJ, Chen WJ, Chang SH, Hung LM, Kuo CT, Yeh YH. Atrial fibrillation and its arrhythmogenesis associated with insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):125.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.08.014","volume":"4","author":"R Mahajan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahajan R, Nelson A, Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Wong CX, Twomey DJ, Carbone A, Teo K, Agbaedeng T, Linz D, et al. Electroanatomical remodeling of the atria in obesity: impact of adjacent epicardial fat. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(12):1529\u201340.","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0943","volume":"4","author":"C Wong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong C, Marwick TH. Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4(8):436\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2019.06.037","volume":"28","author":"T Agbaedeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agbaedeng T, Twomey D, Thanigaimani S, Linz D, Lau D, Mahajan R, Sanders P. Weight fluctuation induces formation of pro-arrhythmic substrate by fibro-fatty depositions and residual electro-structural remodelling: evidence from an ovine model. Heart Lung Circ. 2019;28:s148.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"1059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.05.026","volume":"194","author":"SE Simonds","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simonds SE, Pryor JT, Cowley MA. Repeated weight cycling in obese mice causes increased appetite and glucose intolerance. Physiol Behav. 2018;194:184\u201390.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1059_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.018","volume":"139","author":"EJ Rhee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhee EJ, Cho JH, Kwon H, Park SE, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Increased risk of diabetes development in individuals with weight cycling over 4\u00a0years: the Kangbuk Samsung Health study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;139:230\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"14","key":"1059_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.14.1681","volume":"295","author":"L Monnier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, Colette C. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295(14):1681\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1059_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu176","volume":"104","author":"S Saito","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saito S, Teshima Y, Fukui A, Kondo H, Nishio S, Nakagawa M, Saikawa T, Takahashi N. Glucose fluctuations increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;104(1):5\u201314.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1059_CR44","first-page":"410","volume":"18","author":"J Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu J, Fan YQ, Zhang JF, Wang CQ. Impact of long-term glycemic variability on development of atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetic patients. Anatol J Cardiol. 2017;18(6):410\u20136.","journal-title":"Anatol J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1059_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212914","volume":"369","author":"ARG Look","year":"2013","unstructured":"Look ARG, Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145\u201354.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T09:47:40Z","timestamp":1666950460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01059-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital (E-1811-130-987). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and anonymized data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"EKC reports research grants from Sanofi-Aventis, Chong Kun Dang, Daiichi-Sankyo, BMS\/Pfizer, Biosense Webster, and Skylabs. GYHL reports activities as consultant for Bayer\/Janssen, BMS\/Pfizer, Medtronic, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Verseon, Daiichi-Sankyo, and as speaker for Bayer, BMS\/Pfizer, Medtronic, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Daiichi-Sankyo. No fees are received personally. All other authors report none.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"78"}}