{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:05:49Z","timestamp":1780416349045,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the pandemic \u201cCorona Virus Disease 2019\u201d (COVID-19) people with diabetes have a high risk to require ICU admission. The management of diabetes in Intensive Care Unit is always challenging, however, when diabetes is present in COVID-19 the situation seems even more complicated. An optimal glycemic control, avoiding acute hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and glycemic variability may significantly improve the outcome. In this case, intravenous insulin infusion with continuous glucose monitoring should be the choice. No evidence suggests stopping angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-renin-blockers or statins, even it has been suggested that they may increase the expression of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, which is used by \u201cSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to penetrate into the cells. A real issue is the usefulness of several biomarkers, which have been suggested to be measured during the COVID-19. N-Terminal-pro-Brain Natriuretic-Peptide, D-dimer and hs-Troponin are often increased in diabetes. Their meaning in the case of diabetes and COVID-19 should be therefore very carefully evaluated. Even though we understand that in such a critical situation some of these requests are not so easy to implement, we believe that the best possible action to prevent a worse outcome is essential in any medical act.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T14:02:43Z","timestamp":1595253763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Issues for the management of people with diabetes and COVID-19 in ICU"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8122-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ceriello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Standl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Catrinoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baruch","family":"Itzhak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nebojsa M.","family":"Lalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Rahelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160krha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Valensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the \u201cDiabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (D&CVD)\u201d Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19), et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708\u201320.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108137","volume":"162","author":"S Gentile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gentile S, Strollo F, Ceriello A. COVID-19 infection in Italian people with diabetes: lessons learned from our future (an experience to be used). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","volume":"382","author":"P Goyal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, Schenck EJ, Chen R, Jabri A, et al. Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2372\u20134.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001343","volume":"8","author":"Y Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8:e001343.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1089_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01047-y","volume":"19","author":"C Sardu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sardu C, Gargiulo G, Esposito G, Paolisso G, Marfella R. Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in patients affected by Covid-19. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:76.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1089_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2110-1","volume":"22","author":"G Chase","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chase G, Desaive T, Bohe J, Cnop M, De Block C, Gunst J, et al. Improving glycemic control in critically ill patients: personalized care to mimic the endocrine pancreas. Crit Care. 2018;22:182.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618801748","volume":"34","author":"K Stoudt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stoudt K, Chawla S. Don\u2019t sugar coat it: glycemic control in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(11\u201312):889\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885066618801748.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319","author":"W Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3319.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"1089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.021","volume":"31","author":"L Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, Qin JJ, Zhang XJ, Cai J, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing Type 2 diabetes. Cell Metabol. 2020;31:1068\u201377.","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"key":"1089_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108185","volume":"164","author":"G Iacobellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacobellis G, Penaherrera CA, Bermudez LE, Mizrachi EB. Admission hyperglycemia and radiological findings of SARS-COv2 in patients with and without diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;164:108185.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4158\/EP11260.OR","volume":"18","author":"S Shetty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shetty S, Inzucchi SE, Goldberg PA, Cooper D, Siegel MD, Honiden S. Adapting to the new consensus guidelines for managing hyperglycemia during critical illness: the Updated Yale Insulin Infusion Protocol. Endocr Pract. 2012;18:363\u201370.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0810-8","volume":"18","author":"K Sharif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharif K, Ghadir S, Jakubowicz D, Amital H, Bragazzi NL, et al. Improved outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: a retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1089_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0723","volume":"43","author":"C Sardu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sardu C, D\u2019Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Barbieri M, Rizzo MR, Messina V, et al. Outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by COVID-19: can we do more on glycemic control? Diabetes Care. 2020;43:1408\u201315.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"1089_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.09.054","volume":"53","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Zarich SW, Testa R. Lowering glucose to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes in a critical care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(5 Suppl):S9\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1089_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395:1033\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1089_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55080-3","volume":"9","author":"P Bellaver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellaver P, Schaeffer AF, Dullius DP, Viana MV, Leit\u00e3o CB, Rech TH. Association of multiple glycemic parameters at intensive care unit admission with mortality and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18498.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1089_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.01.020","volume":"115","author":"V Borz\u00ec","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borz\u00ec V, Frasson S, Gussoni G, Di Lillo M, Gerloni R, Augello G, Research Department of FADOI, et al. Risk factors for\u00a0hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, hospitalized in internal medicine wards: findings from the FADOI-DIAMOND study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:24\u201330.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0224","volume":"61","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Novials A, Ortega E, La Sala L, Pujadas G, Testa R, et al. Evidence that hyperglycemia after recovery from hypoglycemia worsens endothelial function and increases oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy control subjects and subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2012;61:2993\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-0635-3","volume":"10","author":"WC Chao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chao WC, Tseng CH, Wu CL, Shih SJ, Yi CY, Chan MC. Higher glycemic variability within the first day of ICU admission is associated with increased 30-day mortality in ICU patients with sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:17.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"1089_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0025","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000025","volume":"1","author":"H Kulkarni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kulkarni H, Bihari S, Prakash S, Huckson S, Chavan S, Mamtani M, et al. Independent association of glucose variability with hospital mortality in adult intensive care patients: results from the Australia and New Zealand\u00a0Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Binational Registry. Crit Care Explor. 2019;1:e0025.","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"1089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0761-5","volume":"17","author":"H Takahashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takahashi H, Iwahashi N, Kirigaya N, Kataoka S, Minamimoto Y, Gohbara M, et al. Glycemic variability determined with a continuous glucose monitoring system can predict prognosis after acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:116.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1089_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.140146","volume":"18","author":"S Todi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Todi S, Bhattacharya M. Glycemic variability and outcome in critically ill. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18:285\u201390.","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1089_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30136-0","volume":"7","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Monnier L, Owens D. Glycaemic variability in diabetes: clinical and therapeutic implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:221\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"162","key":"1089_CR24","first-page":"108118","volume":"2020","author":"A Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang A, Zhao W, Xu Z, Gu. Timely blood glucose management for the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is urgently needed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;2020(162):108118.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154216","volume":"107","author":"J Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Tan J. Diabetes patients with COVID-19 need better blood glucose management in Wuhan, China. Metabolism. 2020;107:154216.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500330","volume":"5","author":"DC Klonoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klonoff DC. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill hospitalized patients: making it safe and effective. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5:755\u201367.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1089_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820915875","author":"JL Knopp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knopp JL, Chase JG. Clinical recommendations for managing the impact of\u00a0insulin\u00a0adsorptive loss in hospital and diabetes care. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296820915875.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818822838","volume":"13","author":"PD Salinas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salinas PD, Mendez CE. Glucose management technologies for the critically ill. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13:682\u201390.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"1089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Cruz A, Ruiz-Antor\u00e1n B, Mu\u00f1oz G\u00f3mez A, Sancho L\u00f3pez A, Mills S\u00e1nchez P, Centeno Soto GA, Puerta de Hierro COVID-19 Study Group, et al.. Impact of glucocorticoid treatment in SARS-COV-2 infection mortality: a retrospective controlled cohort study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020:AAC.01168-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01168-20"},{"key":"1089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01325-2","author":"AM Berton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berton AM, Prencipe N, Giordano R, Ghigo E, Grottoli S. Systemic steroids in patients with COVID-19: pros and contras, an endocrinological point of view. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01325-2.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2 suppl","key":"1089_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319880040","volume":"26","author":"F Prattichizzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prattichizzo F, La Sala L, Ryd\u00e9n L, Marx N, Ferrini M, Valensi P, et al. Glucose-lowering therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(2 suppl):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"1089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108151","volume":"163","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Stoian AP, Rizzo M. COVID-19 and diabetes management: what should be considered? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;163:108151.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31324-6","volume":"395","author":"MR Mehra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN. Retraction-Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. Lancet. 2020;395:1820.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932","volume":"55","author":"P Colson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55:105932.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-9-678","volume":"112","author":"A Quatraro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Quatraro A, Consoli G, Magno M, Caretta F, Nardozza A, Ceriello A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in decompensated, treatment-refractory noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A new job for an old drug? Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:678\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1089_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.05.005","author":"R Marfella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marfella R, Paolisso P, Sardu C, Bergamaschi L, D\u2019Angelo EC, Barbieri M, et al. Negative impact of hyperglycaemia on tocilizumab therapy in Covid-19 patients. Diabetes Metab. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.05.005.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"1089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06022-5","volume":"46","author":"W Alhazzani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alhazzani W, M\u00f8ller MH, Arabi YM, Loeb M, Ng Gong M, Fan E, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with\u00a0coronavirus\u00a0disease\u00a02019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:854\u201387.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0959-9","volume":"19","author":"EV Uijtendaal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uijtendaal EV, Zwart-van Rijkom JEF, de Lange DV, Arief Lalmohamed AF, van Solinge WW, Egberts TCG. Influence of a strict glucose protocol on serum potassium and glucose concentrations and their association with mortality in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2015;19:270.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2011.587288","volume":"20","author":"PM Nilsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nilsson PM, Cederholm J, Zethelius BR, Eliasson BR, Eeg-Olofsson K, Gudbj Rnsdottir S. Trends in blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes: data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Blood Press. 2011;20:348\u201354.","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"1089_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108132","volume":"162","author":"R Pal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pal R, Bhansali A. COVID-19, diabetes mellitus and&nbsp;ACE2: the conundrum. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108132.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","volume":"382","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, Troxel AB, Iturrate E, Johnson SB. Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2441\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1089_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134","volume":"126","author":"P Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J, et al. Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020;126:1671\u201381.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"1089_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05180-x","author":"B Cariou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cariou B, Hadjadj S, Wargny M, Pichelin M, Al-Salameh A, Allix I, Amadou C, et al. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study. Diabetologia. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05180-x.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1089_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","volume":"5","author":"T Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2019;5:811\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"1089_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.11.2722","volume":"28","author":"P Valensi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valensi P, Pari\u00e8s J, Brulport-Cerisier V, Torremocha F, Sachs RN, Vanzetto G, et al. Predictive value of silent myocardial ischemia for cardiac events in diabetic patients: influence of age in a French multicenter study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2722\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1089_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-019-4798-3","volume":"44","author":"P Valensi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valensi P, Meune C. Congestive heart failure caused by silent ischemia and silent myocardial infarction: diagnostic challenge in type\u00a02 diabetes. Herz. 2019;44:210\u20137.","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"1089_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.5.918","volume":"25","author":"PE Valensi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valensi PE, Johnson NB, Maison-Blanche P, Extramania F, Motte G, Coumel P. Influence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy on heart rate dependence of ventricular repolarization in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:918\u201323.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1089_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1615","volume":"31","author":"D Ziegler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ziegler D, Zentai CP, Perz S, Rathmann W, Haastert B, D\u00f6ring A, KORA Study Group, et al. Prediction of mortality using measures of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic and nondiabetic population: the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:556\u201361.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1089_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.047549","author":"PP Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.120.047549.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1089_CR50","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.escardio.org\/Education\/COVID-19-and-Cardiology\/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance. Accessed 24 May 2020."},{"key":"1089_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02788.x","volume":"26","author":"E Cosson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cosson E, Nguyen MT, Pham I, Pontet M, Nitenberg A, Valensi P. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: an independent marker for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009;26:872\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"1089_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826710389402","volume":"18","author":"CB Giorda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giorda CB, Cioffi G, de Simone G, Di Lenarda A, Faggiano P, Latini R, DYDA Investigators, et al. Predictors of early-stage left ventricular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: results of DYDA\u00a0study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011;18:415\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"1089_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2043","volume":"43","author":"O Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang O, Daya N, Matsushita K, Coresh J, Sharrett AR, Hoogeveen R, et al. Performance of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays to reflect comorbidity burden and improve mortality risk stratification in older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:1200\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1089_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30293-5","volume":"4","author":"D Preiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Preiss D, Sattar N. Research digest: cardiac biomarkers for risk prediction. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:890.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1089_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006000","volume":"135","author":"JM Connors","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19\u00a0and its implications for\u00a0thrombosis\u00a0and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020;135:2033\u201340.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1089_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","volume":"75","author":"B Bikdeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. COVID-19\u00a0and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2950\u201373.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1089_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.3.430","volume":"43","author":"A Ceriello","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Taboga C, Giacomello R, Falleti E, De Stasio G, Motz E, Lizzio S, Gonano F, Bartoli E. Fibrinogen plasma levels as a marker of thrombin activation in diabetes. Diabetes. 1994;43:430\u20132.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1089_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-07-0519","volume":"117","author":"NA Zakai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zakai NA, McClure LA, Judd SE, Kissela B, Howard G, Safford M, et al. D-dimer and the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117:618\u201324.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"1089_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401055","volume":"36","author":"A Ceriello","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ceriello A. Coagulation\u00a0activation in diabetes mellitus: the role of hyperglycaemia and therapeutic prospects. Diabetologia. 1993;36:1119\u201325.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1089_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.8.924","volume":"44","author":"A Ceriello","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Giacomello R, Stel G, Motz E, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al. Hyperglycemia-induced\u00a0thrombin\u00a0formation in diabetes The possible role of oxidative stress. Diabetes. 1995;44:924\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1089_CR61","first-page":"86","volume":"16","author":"A Ceriello","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Marchi E, Palazzni E, Quatraro A, Giugliano D. Low molecular weight heparin restores antithrombin III activity from hyperglycemia induced alterations. Diabetes Metab. 1990;16:86\u201392.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"1089_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0952-8","volume":"18","author":"A Nusca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nusca A, Tuccinardi D, Proscia C, Melfi R, Manfrini S, Nicolucci A, et al. Incremental role of glycaemic variability over HbA1c in identifying type 2 diabetic patients with high platelet reactivity undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:147.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1089_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.10.003","volume":"41","author":"F Prattichizzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prattichizzo F, De Nigris V, Spiga R, Mancuso E, La Sala L, Antonicelli R, et al. Inflammageing and metaflammation: the yin and yang of type 2 diabetes. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;41:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"1089_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi049","volume":"26","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ceriello A. Acute hyperglycaemia: a \u2018new\u2019 risk factor during myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:328\u201331.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1089_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0063","volume":"57","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Testa R, et al. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008;57:1349\u201354.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1089_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","volume":"41","author":"F Cosentino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group: 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255\u2013323.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1089_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2397","volume":"40","author":"S Dashti-Khavidaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H. Considerations for statin therapy in patients with COVID-19. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40:484\u20136.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"1089_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.11.013","volume":"93","author":"K Tikoo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tikoo K, Patel G, Kumar S, Karpe PA, Sanghavi M, Malek V, et al. Tissue specific up regulation of ACE2 in rabbit model of atherosclerosis by atorvastatin: role of epigenetic histone modifications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;93:343\u201351.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"1089_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318225742c","volume":"39","author":"D Makris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makris D, Manoulakas E, Komnos A, Papakrivou E, Tzovaras N, Hovas A, Zintzaras E, Zakynthinos E. Effect of pravastatin on the frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia and on intensive care unit mortality: open-label, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2440\u20136.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1089_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003816","volume":"47","author":"AJ Rogers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rogers AJ, Guan J, Trtchounian A, et al. Association of elevated plasma interleukin-18 level with increased mortality in a clinical trial of statin treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:1089\u201396.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1089_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-156","volume":"12","author":"O Schnell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schnell O, Cappuccio F, Genovese S, Standl E, Valensi P, Ceriello A. Type 1 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:156.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1089_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.12.021","volume":"38","author":"MK Sechterberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sechterberger MK, van Steen SC, Boerboom EM, van der Voort PH, Bosman RJ, Hoekstra JB, et al. Higher glucose\u00a0variability\u00a0in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes patients admitted to the\u00a0intensive\u00a0care\u00a0unit: a retrospective cohort study. J Crit Care. 2017;38:300\u20133.","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"1089_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108270","author":"P Tatti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tatti P, Tonolo G, Zanfardino A, Iafusco D. CoVid-19 and Type 1 Diabetes: every cloud has a silver lining. Searching the reason of a lower aggressiveness of the CoronaVirus disease in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108270.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1089_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106","author":"TJ Guzik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, Patel V, Savvatis K, Marelli-Berg FM, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"1089_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0941","volume":"43","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Standl E, Catrinoiu D, Itzhak B, Lalic NM, Rahelic D, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (D&CVD) EASD Study Group, et al. Issues of cardiovascular risk management in people with diabetes in the COVID-19 era. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:1427\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0941.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T23:58:30Z","timestamp":1626739110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01089-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors do not have conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"114"}}