{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:35:54Z","timestamp":1793817354682,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential mechanisms of stroke protection by GLP-1RAs. GLP-1RAs exert multiple anti-atherosclerotic effects contributing to stroke prevention such as enhanced plaque stability, reduced vascular smooth muscle proliferation, increased nitric oxide, and improved endothelial function. GLP-1RAs also lower the risk of stroke by reducing traditional stroke risk factors including hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Independently of these peripheral actions, GLP-1RAs show direct cerebral effects in animal stroke models, such as reduction of infarct volume, apoptosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, and increased neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, angiogenesis, and brain perfusion. Despite these encouraging findings, further research is still needed to understand more thoroughly the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs may mediate stroke protection specifically in the human diabetic brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T15:20:50Z","timestamp":1668525650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Protection against stroke with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a comprehensive review of potential mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Verg\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Aboyans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Angoulvant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Boutouyrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Cariou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Hyafil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Mohammedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Amarenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1686_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.038151","volume":"53","author":"RM Goldenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldenberg RM, Cheng AYY, Fitzpatrick T, Gilbert JD, Verma S, Hopyan JJ. Benefits of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) receptor agonists for stroke reduction in type 2 diabetes: a call to action for neurologists. Stroke. 2022;53:1813\u201322.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027557","volume":"51","author":"G Bellastella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Chiodini P, Esposito K, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and prevention of stroke systematic review of cardiovascular outcome trials with meta-analysis. Stroke. 2020;51(2):666\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"1686_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","volume":"9","author":"N Sattar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, Branch KRH, Del Prato S, Khurmi NS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(10):653\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05497-1","volume":"64","author":"DS Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin DS, Lee JK, Chen WJ. Major adverse cardiovascular and limb events in patients with diabetes treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists vs DPP-4 inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2021;64(9):1949\u201362.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1686_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13230","volume":"45","author":"S Cornell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cornell S. A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a focus on the mechanism of action of once-weekly agents. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45(Suppl 1):17\u201327.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"1686_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.721135","volume":"12","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Wang M, Wen Z, Lu Z, Cui L, Fu C, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists: beyond their pancreatic effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12: 721135.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020739","volume":"23","author":"LF Laurindo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laurindo LF, Barbalho SM, Guiguer EL, da Silva Soares de Souza M, de Souza GA, Fidalgo TM, et al. GLP-1a: Going beyond traditional use. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):739.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15524","volume":"179","author":"IL Augestad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Augestad IL, Dekens D, Karampatsi D, Elabi O, Zabala A, Pintana H, et al. Normalisation of glucose metabolism by exendin-4 in the chronic phase after stroke promotes functional recovery in male diabetic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):677\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1694","volume":"59","author":"M Arakawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arakawa M, Mita T, Azuma K, Ebato C, Goto H, Nomiyama T, et al. Inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion by a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4. Diabetes. 2010;59(4):1030\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"1686_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.07.008","volume":"4","author":"SC Cork","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cork SC, Richards JE, Holt MK, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Trapp S. Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor expressing cells in the mouse brain. Mol Metab. 2015;4(10):718\u201331.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"13","key":"1686_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32832fbf14","volume":"20","author":"A Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton A, H\u00f6lscher C. Receptors for the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 are expressed on neurons in the central nervous system. NeuroReport. 2009;20(13):1161\u20136.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"1686_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101407","volume":"55","author":"A Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa A, Ai M, Nunn N, Culotta I, Hunter J, Boudjadja MB, et al. Anorectic and aversive effects of GLP-1 receptor agonism are mediated by brainstem cholecystokinin neurons, and modulated by GIP receptor activation. Mol Metab. 2022;55: 101407.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"1686_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0204-6","volume":"9","author":"I Mi\u00f1ambres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mi\u00f1ambres I, P\u00e9rez A. Is there a justification for classifying GLP-1 receptor agonists as basal and prandial? Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:6.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1686_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz323","volume":"116","author":"VD Heuvelman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heuvelman VD, Van Raalte DH, Smits MM. Cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: from mechanistic studies in humans to clinical outcomes. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(5):916\u201330.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0498","volume":"43","author":"JA Huthmacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huthmacher JA, Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Efficacy and safety of short- and long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on a background of basal insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(9):2303\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.037775","volume":"53","author":"WD Strain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strain WD, Frenkel O, James MA, Leiter LA, Rasmussen S, Rothwell PM, et al. Effects of semaglutide on stroke subtypes in type 2 diabetes: Post hoc analysis of the randomized SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6. Stroke. 2022;53(9):2749\u201357.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1686_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S348055","volume":"16","author":"D Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng D, Yang S, Zhao X, Wang G. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in diabetes-related neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022;16:665\u201384.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"1686_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114187","volume":"180","author":"TS Salameh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salameh TS, Rhea EM, Talbot K, Banks WA. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of incretin receptor agonists showing promise as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;180: 114187.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05436-0","volume":"64","author":"M Benn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benn M, Emanuelsson F, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Impact of high glucose levels and glucose lowering on risk of ischaemic stroke: a Mendelian randomisation study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2021;64(7):1492\u2013503.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01401-8","volume":"20","author":"MI Maiorino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maiorino MI, Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Bellastella G, Chiodini P, Esposito K, et al. Improvement of glycemic control and reduction of major cardiovascular events in 18 cardiovascular outcome trials: an updated meta-regression. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):210.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30423-1","volume":"8","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Hart R, Colhoun HM, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Botros FT, et al. The effect of dulaglutide on stroke: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(2):106\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10022","key":"1686_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","volume":"387","author":"D Ettehad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1686_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00967","volume":"11","author":"D Kawanami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kawanami D, Takashi Y. GLP-1 receptor agonists in diabetic kidney disease: from clinical outcomes to mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:967.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E664","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3855","volume":"98","author":"J Skov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skov J, Dejgaard A, Fr\u00f8ki\u00e6r J, Holst JJ, Jonassen T, Rittig S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): effect on kidney hemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):E664\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12651","volume":"18","author":"J Skov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skov J, Pedersen M, Holst JJ, Madsen B, Goetze JP, Rittig S, et al. Short-term effects of liraglutide on kidney function and vasoactive hormones in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):581\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015716","volume":"9","author":"I Ikonomidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Thymis J, Birba D, Kalogeris A, Kousathana F, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and their combination on endothelial glycocalyx, arterial function, and myocardial work index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after 12-month treatment. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(9): e015716.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1686_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3128","volume":"19","author":"M Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim M, Platt MJ, Shibasaki T, Quaggin SE, Backx PH, Seino S, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation and Epac2 link atrial natriuretic peptide secretion to control of blood pressure. Nat Med. 2013;19(5):567\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03648-y","volume":"78","author":"TW Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee TW, Lee TI, Lin YK, Chen YC, Kao YH, Chen YJ. Effect of antidiabetic drugs on the risk of atrial fibrillation: mechanistic insights from clinical evidence and translational studies. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(3):923\u201334.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012004","volume":"47","author":"H Kamel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamel H, Okin PM, Elkind MS, Iadecola C. Atrial fibrillation and mechanisms of stroke: time for a new model. Stroke. 2016;47(3):895\u2013900.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001197","volume":"79","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W, Chen X, Xie X, Xu M, Xu L, Liu P, et al. Comparison of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists for atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2022;79(3):281\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.03.007","volume":"18","author":"W Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi W, Zhang W, Zhang D, Ren G, Wang P, Gao L, et al. Comparison of the effect of glucose-lowering agents on the risk of atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(7):1090\u20136.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"8","key":"1686_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-018-01327-4","volume":"34","author":"H Nakamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakamura H, Niwano S, Niwano H, Fukaya H, Murakami M, Kishihara J, et al. Liraglutide suppresses atrial electrophysiological changes. Heart Vessels. 2019;34(8):1389\u201393.","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR33","first-page":"3669","volume":"20","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Xu S, Wang L, Zhou W, Li P, Deng N, et al. Exendin-4 inhibits atrial arrhythmogenesis in a model of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure via the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(4):3669\u201378.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"1686_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2016.02.007","volume":"78","author":"JH Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang JH, Chen YC, Lee TI, Kao YH, Chazo TF, Chen SA, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates calcium homeostasis and electrophysiological activities of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Peptides. 2016;78:91\u20138.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"11","key":"1686_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011164","volume":"46","author":"S Yaghi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yaghi S, Elkind MS. Lipids and cerebrovascular disease: research and practice. Stroke. 2015;46(11):3322\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"1686_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2761","volume":"37","author":"M Nauck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nauck M, Weinstock RS, Umpierrez GE, Guerci B, Skrivanek Z, Milicevic Z. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide versus sitagliptin after 52 weeks in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-5). Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2149\u201358.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-2671(09)33072-5","volume":"33","author":"J Plutzky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Plutzky J, Garber A, Falahati A, Toft AD, Poulter NR. Reductions in lipids and CV risk markers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with liraglutide: a meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 2009;33(3):209\u201310.","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.028","volume":"212","author":"EA Schwartz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwartz EA, Koska J, Mullin MP, Syoufi I, Schwenke DC, Reaven PD. Exenatide suppresses postprandial elevations in lipids and lipoproteins in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212(1):217\u201322.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1686_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12133","volume":"15","author":"K Hermansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hermansen K, B\u00e6kdal TA, D\u00fcring M, Pietraszek A, Mortensen LS, J\u00f8rgensen H, et al. Liraglutide suppresses postprandial triglyceride and apolipoprotein B48 elevations after a fat-rich meal in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(11):1040\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.310990","volume":"38","author":"B Verg\u00e8s","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verg\u00e8s B, Duvillard L, Pais de Barros JP, Bouillet B, Baillot-Rudoni S, Rouland A, et al. Liraglutide reduces postprandial hyperlipidemia by increasing ApoB48 (apolipoprotein B48) catabolism and by reducing ApoB48 production in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38(9):2198\u2013206.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1686_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14328","volume":"23","author":"MR Taskinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taskinen MR, Bj\u00f6rnson E, Matikainen N, S\u00f6derlund S, Pietil\u00e4inen KH, Ainola M, et al. Effects of liraglutide on the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(5):1191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1843","volume":"44","author":"B Verg\u00e8s","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verg\u00e8s B, Duvillard L, Pais de Barros JP, Bouillet B, Baillot-Rudoni S, Rouland A, et al. Liraglutide increases the catabolism of apolipoprotein B100-containing lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes and reduces proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 expression. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(4):1027\u201337.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00962-3","volume":"12","author":"D Nikolic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolic D, Giglio RV, Rizvi AA, Patti AM, Montalto G, Maranta F, et al. Liraglutide reduces carotid intima-media thickness by reducing small dense low-density lipoproteins in a real-world setting of patients with type 2 diabetes: a novel anti-atherogenic effect. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(1):261\u201374.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4330-3","volume":"60","author":"\u00c1 Vinu\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vinu\u00e9 \u00c1, Navarro J, Herrero-Cervera A, Garc\u00eda-Cubas M, Andr\u00e9s-Blasco I, Mart\u00ednez-Herv\u00e1s S, et al. The GLP-1 analogue lixisenatide decreases atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant mice by modulating macrophage phenotype. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1801\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1686_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.12.015","volume":"54","author":"Y Tashiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tashiro Y, Sato K, Watanabe T, Nohtomi K, Terasaki M, Nagashima M, et al. A glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide suppresses macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Peptides. 2014;54:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0800-2","volume":"17","author":"AC Sposito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sposito AC, Berwanger O, de Carvalho LSF, Saraiva JFK. GLP-1RAs in type 2 diabetes: mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular effects and overview of cardiovascular outcome data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):157.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1686_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59965","volume":"17","author":"X Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma X, Liu Z, Ilyas I, Little PJ, Kamato D, Sahebka A, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs): cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(8):2050\u201368.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0976","volume":"64","author":"J Koska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koska J, Sands M, Burciu C, D\u2019Souza KM, Raravikar K, Liu J, et al. Exenatide protects against glucose- and lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction: evidence for direct vasodilation effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists in humans. Diabetes. 2015;64(7):2624\u201335.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"1686_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E947","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00400.2015","volume":"310","author":"R Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei R, Ma S, Wang C, Ke J, Yang J, Li W, et al. Exenatide exerts direct protective effects on endothelial cells through the AMPK\/Akt\/eNOS pathway in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;310(11):E947\u201357.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0603-x","volume":"16","author":"H Kushima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kushima H, Mori Y, Koshibu M, Hiromura M, Kohashi K, Terasaki M, et al. The role of endothelial nitric oxide in the anti-restenotic effects of liraglutide in a mouse model of restenosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):122.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060589","volume":"8","author":"TH Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai TH, Lee CH, Cheng CI, Fang YN, Chung SY, Chen SM, et al. Liraglutide inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and attenuates neointima formation after endovascular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Cells. 2019;8(6):589.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1686_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.04.001","volume":"261","author":"T Jojima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jojima T, Uchida K, Akimoto K, Tomotsune T, Yanagi K, Iijima T, et al. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by enhancing AMP-activated protein kinase and cell cycle regulation, and delays atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2017;261:44\u201351.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C572","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00093.2016","volume":"311","author":"T Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou T, Zhang M, Zhao L, Li A, Qin X. Activation of Nrf2 contributes to the protective effect of Exendin-4 against angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2016;311(4):C572\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1686_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.11.008","volume":"112","author":"B Di","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di B, Li HW, Li W, Hua B. Liraglutide inhibited AGEs induced coronary smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition through inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signal pathway. Peptides. 2019;112:125\u201332.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0480-8","volume":"15","author":"M Rizzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rizzo M, Rizvi AA, Patti AM, Nikolic D, Giglio RV, Castellino G, et al. Liraglutide improves metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness in diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome: an 18-month prospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15(1):162.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.258","volume":"31","author":"YM Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang YM, Jung CH. Cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016;31(2):258\u201374.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3145-0","volume":"57","author":"AE Hogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hogan AE, Gaoatswe G, Lynch L, Corrigan MA, Woods C, O\u2019Connell J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2014;57(4):781\u20134.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1149","volume":"64","author":"ML Balestrieri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balestrieri ML, Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Paolisso P, D\u2019Onofrio N, Giovane A, et al. Sirtuin 6 expression and inflammatory activity in diabetic atherosclerotic plaques: effects of incretin treatment. Diabetes. 2015;64(4):1395\u2013406.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2190","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Gong M. Analysis of the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by Quantitative Proteomics Mass Spectrometry. Brain Behav. 2021;11(6): e02190.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12974","volume":"122","author":"IR Marlet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marlet IR, \u00d6lmestig JNE, Vilsb\u00f8ll T, Rungby J, Kruuse C. Neuroprotective mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies in ischaemic stroke: a systematic review based on pre-clinical studies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;122(6):559\u201369.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1686_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.280313","volume":"15","author":"MV Basalay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Can glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues make neuroprotection a reality? Neural Regen Res. 2020;15(10):1852\u20133.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20952011","volume":"41","author":"MP Maskery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maskery MP, Holscher C, Jones SP, Price CI, Strain WD, Watkins CL, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke: a systematic scoping review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2021;41(1):14\u201330.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1686_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094504","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3094504","volume":"2018","author":"C Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng C, Cao J, Han J, Li J, Li Z, Shi N, et al. Liraglutide activates the Nrf2\/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and protects brain nerve cells against cerebral ischemia in diabetic rats. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2018;2018:3094504.","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02811-9","volume":"59","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu C, Sun S, Xie J, Li H, Li T, Wu Q, et al. GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 protects against hemorrhagic transformation induced by rtPA after ischemic stroke via the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(6):3649\u201364.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1686_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.12.015","volume":"27","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang X, He J, Xie Y, Yang Y. Delayed administration of the glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide promoting angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(5):1318\u201325.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1686_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21513","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121513","volume":"14","author":"K Sato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato K, Kameda M, Yasuhara T, Agari T, Baba T, Wang F, et al. Neuroprotective effects of liraglutide for stroke model of rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(11):21513\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1686_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.045","volume":"641","author":"W Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong W, Miao Y, Chen A, Cheng M, Ye X, Song F, et al. Delayed administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide improves metabolic and functional recovery after cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2017;641:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"1686_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.04.010","volume":"62","author":"KN Aronis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aronis KN, Chamberland JP, Mantzoros CS. GLP-1 promotes angiogenesis in human endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, through the Akt, Src and PKC pathways. Metabolism. 2013;62(9):1279\u201386.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-021-00873-9","volume":"116","author":"S Nizari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nizari S, Basalay M, Chapman P, Korte N, Korsak A, Christie IN, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation dilates cerebral arterioles, increases cerebral blood flow, and mediates remote (pre)conditioning neuroprotection against ischaemic stroke. Basic Res Cardiol. 2021;116(1):32.","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-019-06915-8","volume":"33","author":"MV Basalay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Neuroprotection in rats following ischaemia-reperfusion injury by GLP-1 analogues-liraglutide and semaglutide. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2019;33(6):661\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1686_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.012934","volume":"47","author":"T Kuroki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuroki T, Tanaka R, Shimada Y, Yamashiro K, Ueno Y, Shimura H, et al. Exendin-4 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and reduces infarct growth after focal cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic mice. Stroke. 2016;47(5):1328\u201335.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1686_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00585","volume":"13","author":"SS Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng SS, Bai JJ, Jiang H, Zhu JJ, Fu CC, He MZ, et al. Treatment with liraglutide exerts neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats via the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3\u03b2 pathway. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;13:585.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01497-9","volume":"70","author":"SN Gad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gad SN, Nofal S, Raafat EM, Ahmed AAE. Lixisenatide reduced damage in hippocampus CA1 neurons in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion possibly via the ERK\/P38 signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci. 2020;70(7):1026\u201337.","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2017.26.4.227","volume":"26","author":"S Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim S, Jeong J, Jung HS, Kim B, Kim YE, Lim DS, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, through modulation of IB1\/JIP1 expression and JNK signaling in stroke. Exp Neurobiol. 2017;26(4):227\u201339.","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000046","volume":"25","author":"J Jin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jin J, Kang HM, Jung J, Jeong JW, Park C. Related expressional change of HIF-1\u03b1 to the neuroprotective activity of exendin-4 in transient global ischemia. NeuroReport. 2014;25(1):65\u201370.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"8","key":"1686_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103114","volume":"9","author":"V Darsalia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Darsalia V, Hua S, Larsson M, Mallard C, Nathanson D, Nystr\u00f6m T, et al. Exendin-4 reduces ischemic brain injury in normal and aged type 2 diabetic mice and promotes microglial M2 polarization. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8): e103114.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00136.2018","volume":"316","author":"C Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang C, Hawkins KE, Dor\u00e9 S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019;316(2):C135\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0661-0","volume":"13","author":"F Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen F, Wang W, Ding H, Yang Q, Dong Q, Cui M. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 ameliorates warfarin-associated hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):204.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1508","volume":"97","author":"A Chaudhuri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaudhuri A, Ghanim H, Vora M, Sia CL, Korzeniewski K, Dhindsa S, et al. Exenatide exerts a potent antiinflammatory effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):198\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"1686_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14399","volume":"23","author":"JJH Bray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bray JJH, Foster-Davies H, Salem A, Hoole AL, Obaid DR, Halcox JPJ, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(8):1806\u201322.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01585-7","volume":"21","author":"O Mosenzon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mosenzon O, Capehorn MS, De Remigis A, Rasmussen S, Weimers P, Rosenstock J. Impact of semaglutide on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: exploratory patient-level analyses of SUSTAIN and PIONEER randomized clinical trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):172.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1686_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.12.012","volume":"700","author":"V Parthsarathy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parthsarathy V, H\u00f6lscher C. The type 2 diabetes drug liraglutide reduces chronic inflammation induced by irradiation in the mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;700(1\u20133):42\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1686_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1159\/000430199","volume":"36","author":"Y Bao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bao Y, Jiang L, Chen H, Zou J, Liu Z, Shi Y. The neuroprotective effect of liraglutide is mediated by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-mediated activation of cAMP\/PKA\/CREB pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;36(6):2366\u201378.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1686_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.04.008","volume":"55","author":"T Iwai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iwai T, Ito S, Tanimitsu K, Udagawa S, Oka J. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits LPS-induced IL-1beta production in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci Res. 2006;55(4):352\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-1497-1","volume":"391","author":"RG Abdel-Latif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdel-Latif RG, Heeba GH, Taye A, Khalifa MMA. Lixisenatide, a novel GLP-1 analog, protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018;391(7):705\u201317.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"1686_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.09.064","volume":"281","author":"S Briyal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Briyal S, Shah S, Gulati A. Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience. 2014;281:269\u201381.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-016-0272-9","volume":"17","author":"PC Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li PC, Liu LF, Jou MJ, Wang HK. The GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 and liraglutide alleviate oxidative stress and cognitive and micturition deficits induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic mice. BMC Neurosci. 2016;17(1):37.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0246-6","volume":"47","author":"K Okada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okada K, Kotani K, Yagyu H, Ando A, Osuga J, Ishibashi S. Effects of treatment with liraglutide on oxidative stress and cardiac natriuretic peptide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2014;47(3):962\u20134.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1686_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2291","volume":"100","author":"M Rizzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rizzo M, Abate N, Chandalia M, Rizvi AA, Giglio RV, Nikolic D, et al. Liraglutide reduces oxidative stress and restores heme oxygenase-1 and ghrelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):603\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001225","volume":"30","author":"N Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi N, He J, Guo Q, Liu T, Han J. Liraglutide protects against diabetes mellitus complicated with focal cerebral ischemic injury by activating mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. NeuroReport. 2019;30(7):479\u201384.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29204","volume":"235","author":"W He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He W, Wang H, Zhao C, Tian X, Li L, Wang H. Role of liraglutide in brain repair promotion through Sirt1-mediated mitochondrial improvement in stroke. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(3):2986\u20133001.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1686_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26859","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26859","volume":"6","author":"H Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu H, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Lu D, Li T, Ding Y, et al. The neuroprotection of liraglutide against ischaemia-induced apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K\/AKT and MAPK pathways. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26859.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1686_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107748","volume":"158","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang X, Feng P, Zhang X, Li D, Wang R, Ji C, et al. The diabetes drug semaglutide reduces infarct size, inflammation, and apoptosis, and normalizes neurogenesis in a rat model of stroke. Neuropharmacology. 2019;158: 107748.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1686_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03574-4","volume":"47","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang L, Cheng J, Shi G, Zhang C, Du Y, Chen L, et al. Liraglutide ameliorates cerebral ischemia in mice via antipyroptotic pathways. Neurochem Res. 2022;47(7):1904\u201316.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1686_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006","volume":"115","author":"TW Lai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lai TW, Zhang S, Wang YT. Excitotoxicity and stroke: identifying novel targets for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol. 2014;115:157\u201388.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1686_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037481","volume":"302","author":"T Perry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perry T, Haughey NJ, Mattson MP, Egan JM, Greig NH. Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302(3):881\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"1686_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.009","volume":"64","author":"M Bomba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bomba M, Granzotto A, Castelli V, Massetti N, Silvestri E, Canzoniero LMT, et al. Exenatide exerts cognitive effects by modulating the BDNF-TrkB neurotrophic axis in adult mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;64:33\u201343.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1686_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02208-9","volume":"4","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen X, Vong JSL, Zhao L, Huang J, Yan LYC, et al. Systemic GLP-1R agonist treatment reverses mouse glial and neurovascular cell transcriptomic aging signatures in a genome-wide manner. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):656.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1686_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.12.023","volume":"630","author":"PL McClean","year":"2010","unstructured":"McClean PL, Gault VA, Harriott P, H\u00f6lscher C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues enhance synaptic plasticity in the brain: a link between diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;630(1\u20133):158\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1686_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.08.014","volume":"61","author":"R Lennox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lennox R, Flatt PR, Gault VA. Lixisenatide improves recognition memory and exerts neuroprotective actions in high-fat fed mice. Peptides. 2014;61:38\u201347.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1686_CR101","first-page":"3445","volume":"9","author":"F Fluri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fluri F, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:3445\u201354.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T04:55:11Z","timestamp":1668747311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01686-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"BV reports grants and institutional fundings from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, LifeScan, Lilly, MSD, NovoNordisk, and Recordati. VA reports honoraria and institutional funding from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, NovoNordisk, and Vifor. DA reports consulting fees from Amgen, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Bouchara-Recordati, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, and Vifor. PB reports personal fees for participating in a scientific board organized by NovoNordisk. BC reports grants and personal fees from Amgen, Regeneron, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and NovoNordisk. FH reports personal fees from NovoNordisk and Pfizer. KM reports personal fees and non-financial support from NovoNordisk, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Abbott, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and LifeScan. PA reports research grant support, consulting, and lecture fees from Pfizer, Sanofi, Amgen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Merck, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Jansen, Kowa, Portola, Boston Scientific, Althera Pharmaceuticals, and from the French government.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"242"}}