{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:50:26Z","timestamp":1793947826750,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The association of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ECAS) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of TyG index with the distribution and severity of ICAS and ECAS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for evaluating ICAS\/ECAS in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to October 2021 were retrospectively enrolled in our study. Clinical characteristics, DSA data, blood routine, lipid profile and fasting glucose were recorded. The association of TyG index and ICAS\/ECAS status were investigated in four aspects: location and distribution of stenosis, stenosis severity and whether stenosis is symptomatic. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association. Restricted cubic splines were constructed to model the non-linear relationship between the TyG index and different arterial stenosis status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 1129 included patients, the median age was 62 (IQR 55\u201368) years, and 71.3% were male. The median TyG index was 8.81 (8.40, 9.21). Elevated TyG index was significantly associated with ICAS, combined ICAS\/ECAS, anterior circulation stenosis, posterior circulation stenosis, combined anterior\/posterior circulation stenosis, severe stenosis, both asymptomatic and symptomatic stenosis. This association was maintained after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, drinking, medical history of hypertension and stroke, platelet, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Multivariable-adjusted spline regression models showed that a progressively increasing risk of arterial stenosis was related to an elevated TyG index.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Elevated TyG index was associated with ICAS\/ECAS. TyG index might be a useful indicator of ICAS and severe stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T18:03:27Z","timestamp":1710439407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association between triglyceride-glucose index and intracranial\/extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: findings from a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bitang","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huagang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadire","family":"Aiziretiaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2187_CR1","first-page":"e254","volume":"143","author":"SS Virani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart Disease Stroke Statistics\u20142021 Update Circulation. 2021;143(8):e254\u2013743.","journal-title":"Heart Disease Stroke Statistics\u20142021 Update Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70195-9","volume":"12","author":"CA Holmstedt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holmstedt CA, Turan TN, Chimowitz MI. Atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(11):1106\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01593-1","volume":"23","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun J, Yuan C, Hatsukami TS. Stroke Prevention with Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23(11):161.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02030-z","volume":"22","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Xiao S, Jiao X, Shen Y. The triglyceride-glucose index is a predictor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CVD patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES 2001\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):279.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01615-4","volume":"21","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Huang X, Fu C, Sheng Q, Liu P. Association between triglyceride glucose index, coronary artery calcification and multivessel coronary disease in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):187.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101246","volume":"47","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Sun H, Zhang W, Xi Y, Shi X, Yang Y, et al. Elevated triglyceride-glucose index predicts risk of incident ischaemic stroke: the rural Chinese cohort study. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47(4):101246.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01864-x","volume":"22","author":"W Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai W, Xu J, Wu X, Chen Z, Zeng L, Song X, et al. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with ischemic stroke: analysis of the MIMIC-IV database. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01638-x","volume":"21","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M, Mei L, Jin A, Cai X, Jing J, Wang S, et al. Association between triglyceride glucose index and atherosclerotic plaques and Burden: findings from a community-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):204.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.879580","volume":"124","author":"X Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding X, Li C, Yu K, Gao A, Xiao L, Peng F, et al. Different risk factors between intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in Asian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci. 2014;124(11):834\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.658500","volume":"43","author":"JS Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim JS, Nah HW, Park SM, Kim SK, Cho KH, Lee J, et al. Risk factors and stroke mechanisms in atherosclerotic stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(12):3313\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966022","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.966022","volume":"13","author":"Y Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie Y, Liu Z, Dan B, Zou L, Zhang L, Zhang R, et al. Associations of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:966022.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0288","volume":"95","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortiz M, Mart\u00ednez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez SO, et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3347\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2187_CR13","first-page":"643","volume":"21","author":"OB Samuels","year":"2000","unstructured":"Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA, Chimowitz MI. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(4):643\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the ; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2276\u201393.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.192218"},{"key":"2187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01383-7","volume":"20","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Cheng YJ, Xu YK, Zhao ZW, Liu C, Sun TN, et al. Comparison of various insulin resistance surrogates on prognostic prediction and stratification following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:190.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01824-2","volume":"18","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong S, Han K, Park CY. The triglyceride glucose index is a simple and low-cost marker associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):361.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01181-z","volume":"15","author":"Y Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan Y, Zhang Z, Ling Y, Cui H, Tao Z, Pei J, et al. Association of triglyceride-glucose index with cardiovascular disease among a general population: a prospective cohort study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15(1):204.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02004-1","volume":"22","author":"S Shali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shali S, Luo L, Yao K, Sun X, Wu H, Zhang S, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index is associated with severe obstructive coronary artery disease and atherosclerotic target lesion failure among young adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):283.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01823-6","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu T, Li Y, Zhang K, Fan H, Ren J, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index, symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis and recurrence risk in minor stroke patients with hypertension. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):90.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01870-z","volume":"22","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Y, Yang Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Zhuang W. The change of triglyceride-glucose index may predict incidence of stroke in the general population over 45 years old. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):132.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.661702","volume":"43","author":"E L\u00f3pez-Cancio","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cancio E, Gal\u00e1n A, Dorado L, Jim\u00e9nez M, Hern\u00e1ndez M, Mill\u00e1n M, et al. Biological signatures of asymptomatic extra- and intracranial atherosclerosis: the Barcelona-AsIA (asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis) study. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2712\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02794-y","volume":"74","author":"A Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang A, Tian X, Zuo Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Guo J, et al. Association of triglyceride-glucose index with intra- and extra-cranial arterial stenosis: a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Endocrine. 2021;74(2):308\u201317.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"11","key":"2187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1101.098520","volume":"32","author":"FP D\u2019Armiento","year":"2001","unstructured":"D\u2019Armiento FP, Bianchi A, de Nigris F, Capuzzi DM, D\u2019Armiento MR, Crimi G, et al. Age-related effects on atherogenesis and scavenger enzymes of intracranial and extracranial arteries in men without classic risk factors for atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2472\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001788","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhao Y, Wang X, Ji X, Sang S, Shao S, et al. Association between asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis and insulin resistance or diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in rural Shandong, China. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(2):e001788.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0799-0","volume":"17","author":"Y Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo Y, Li Z, Zhang J, Li J, Lu Z. Dyslipidaemia was correlated to the posterior circulation infarction in non-diabetic populations. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):150.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000209282","volume":"33","author":"G Subramanian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Subramanian G, Silva J, Silver FL, Fang J, Kapral MK, Oczkowski W, et al. Risk factors for posterior compared to anterior ischemic stroke: an observational study of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Neuroepidemiology. 2009;33(1):12\u20136.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T18:05:09Z","timestamp":1710439509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02187-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (Ref. No.:2022106\u00a0K). Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"95"}}