{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:01:31Z","timestamp":1793314891474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helsinki\nUniversity Hospital","award":["TYH2023403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TYH2023403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Insulin resistance and chronic kidney disease are both associated with increased coronary artery disease risk. Many formulae estimating glucose disposal rate in type 1 diabetes infer insulin sensitivity from clinical data. We compare associations and performance relative to traditional risk factors and kidney disease severity between three formulae estimating the glucose disposal rate and coronary artery disease in people with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The baseline glucose disposal rate was estimated by three (Williams, Duca, and Januszewski) formulae in FinnDiane Study participants and related to subsequent incidence of coronary artery disease, by baseline kidney status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 3517 adults with type 1 diabetes, during median (IQR) 19.3 (14.6, 21.4) years, 539 (15.3%) experienced a coronary artery disease event, with higher rates with worsening baseline kidney status. Correlations between the three formulae estimating the glucose disposal rate were weak, but the lowest quartile of each formula was associated with higher incidence of coronary artery disease. Importantly, only the glucose disposal rate estimation by Williams showed a linear association with coronary artery disease risk in all analyses. Of the three formulae, Williams was the strongest predictor of coronary artery disease. Only age and diabetes duration were stronger predictors. The strength of associations between estimated glucose disposal rate and CAD incidence varied by formula and kidney status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In type 1 diabetes, estimated glucose disposal rates are associated with subsequent coronary artery disease, modulated by kidney disease severity. Future research is merited regarding the clinical usefulness of estimating the glucose disposal rate as a coronary artery disease risk factor and potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02234-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T12:02:05Z","timestamp":1714737725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Insulin sensitivity estimates and their longitudinal association with coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes. Does it matter?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika B.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej S.","family":"Januszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan R.","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valma","family":"Harjutsalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per-Henrik","family":"Groop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia J.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena M.","family":"Thorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the FinnDiane Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0911","volume":"173","author":"E Donga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donga E, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP, Romijn JA. 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Each participant gave written informed consent, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"S.M. reports receiving lecture honoraria from Encore Medical Education. E.B.P. reports receiving lecture honorariums from Sanofi and Astra Zeneca. P.H.G. reports receiving lecture honorariums from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Elo Water, Medscape, MSD, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, PeerVoice, Sanofi, Sciarc, and being an advisory board member of AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medscape, MSD, Mundipharma, Nestl\u00e9, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}