{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:17:36Z","timestamp":1793089056571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 HL153774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 HL153774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based national data on the trends in expenditures related to coexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and diabetes is scarce. We assessed the trends in direct health care expenditures for ASCVD among individuals with and without diabetes, which can help to better define the burden of the co-occurrence of diabetes and ASCVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used 12-year data (2008\u20132019) from the US national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey including 28,144 U.S individuals aged\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years. Using a two-part model (adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and time), we estimated mean and adjusted incremental medical expenditures by diabetes status among individuals with ASCVD. The costs were direct total health care expenditures (out-of-pocket payments and payments by private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and other sources) from various sources (office-based visits, hospital outpatient, emergency room, inpatient hospital, pharmacy, home health care, and other medical expenditures).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The total direct expenditures for individuals with ASCVD increased continuously by 30% from $14,713 (95% confidence interval (CI): $13,808\u2013$15,619) in 2008\u20132009 to $19,145 (95% CI: $17,988\u2013$20,301) in 2008\u20132019. Individuals with diabetes had a 1.5-fold higher mean expenditure that those without diabetes. A key driver of the observed increase in direct costs was prescription drug costs, which increased by 37% among all individuals with ASCVD. The increase in prescription drug costs was more pronounced among individuals with ASCVD and diabetes, in whom a 45% increase in costs was observed, from $5184 (95% CI: $4721\u2013$5646) in 2008\u20132009 to $7501 (95% CI: $6678\u2013$8325) in 2018\u20132019. Individuals with ASCVD and diabetes had $5563 (95% CI: $4643\u2013$6483) higher direct incremental expenditures compared with those without diabetes, after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Among US adults with ASCVD, the estimated adjusted total direct excess medical expenditures were $42 billion per year among those with diabetes vs. those without diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the setting of ASCVD, diabetes is associated with significantly increased health care costs, an increase that was driven by marked increase in medication costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02324-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1720443767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Trends in direct health care costs among US adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chintal H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg C.","family":"Fonarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin B.","family":"Echouffo-Tcheugui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2324_CR1","first-page":"e347","volume":"149","author":"SS Martin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. 2024 Heart disease and stroke statistics: a Report of US and Global data from the American Heart Association. 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Dr Shah now works for Takeda Pharmaceuticals. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}