{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:58:10Z","timestamp":1793829490360,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","award":["CI2021B004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2021B004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1738324820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Association between the cumulative estimated glucose disposal rate and incident cardiovascular disease in individuals over the age of 50 years and without diabetes: data from two large cohorts in China and the United States"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiwu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2575_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001256","volume":"150","author":"KE Joynt Maddox","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joynt Maddox KE, Elkind MSV, Aparicio HJ, Commodore-Mensah Y, De Ferranti SD, Dowd WN, et al. Forecasting the burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the united states through 2050\u2014prevalence of risk factors and disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;150:e65\u201388.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2575_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae466","volume":"45","author":"A Timmis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timmis A, Aboyans V, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Kavousi M, et al. European society of cardiology: the 2023 atlas of cardiovascular disease statistics. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:4019\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2575_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","volume":"145","author":"CW Tsao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2022 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2022;145:e153\u2013639.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2575_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982\u20133021.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2575_CR5","unstructured":"World Heart Federation. Deaths from cardiovascular disease surged 60% globally over the last 30 years: Report [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 8]. Available from: https:\/\/world-heart-federation.org\/news\/deaths-from-cardiovascular-disease-surged-60-globally-over-the-last-30-years-report\/"},{"key":"2575_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000652","volume":"139","author":"M McClellan","year":"2019","unstructured":"McClellan M, Brown N, Califf RM, Warner JJ. Call to action: urgent challenges in cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American heart association. Circulation. 2019;139:e44\u201354.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2575_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","volume":"10","author":"M Laakso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2014;10:293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Endocrinol"},{"key":"2575_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.11.3252","volume":"54","author":"MK Rutter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rutter MK, Meigs JB, Sullivan LM, D\u2019Agostino RB, Sr, Wilson PW. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and incident cardiovascular events in the framingham offspring study. Diabetes. 2005;54:3252\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2575_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1161\/hq1201.100257","volume":"21","author":"Y Arad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arad Y, Newstein D, Cadet F, Roth M, Guerci AD. Association of multiple risk factors and insulin resistance with increased prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease by an electron-beam computed tomographic study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:2051\u20138.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2575_CR10","first-page":"E214","volume":"237","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1979","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol. 1979;237:E214\u2013223.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2575_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398265","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1398265","volume":"15","author":"J Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song J, Ma R, Yin L. Associations between estimated glucose disposal rate and arterial stiffness and mortality among US adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1398265.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2575_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","volume":"21","author":"L-C Tao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tao L-C, Xu J, Wang T, Hua F, Li J-J. Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: Landscape and limitations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:68.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02396-8","volume":"23","author":"H-M He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He H-M, Xie Y-Y, Chen Q, Li Y-K, Li X-X, Mu Y-K, et al. The additive effect of the triglyceride-glucose index and estimated glucose disposal rate on long-term mortality among individuals with and without diabetes: a population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:307.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.626","volume":"49","author":"KV Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams KV, Erbey JR, Becker D, Arslanian S, Orchard TJ. Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1. Diabetes? Diabetes. 2000;49:626\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes? Diabetes"},{"key":"2575_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03689-x","volume":"22","author":"X Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren X, Jiang M, Han L, Zheng X. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:968.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2575_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02256-5","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Lu Y, Xiao Y, Zhou X. Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of incident cardiovascular diseases among individuals without diabetes: findings from a nationwide, population based, prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:194.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02817-0","volume":"22","author":"J Xuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xuan J, Juan D, Yuyu N, Anjing J. Impact of estimated glucose disposal rate for identifying prevalent ischemic heart disease: findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22:378.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2575_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01599-1","volume":"21","author":"S Tai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tai S, Fu L, Zhang N, Yang R, Zhou Y, Xing Z, et al. Association of the cumulative triglyceride-glucose index with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:161.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01541-5","volume":"21","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H, Zuo Y, Qian F, Chen S, Tian X, Wang P, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index variability and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:105.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crimmins E, Faul J, Kim J, Guyer H, Langa k, Ofstedal M, Sonnega A, Wallace, R & Weir, D. Documentation of Biomarkers in the 2006 and 2008 Health and Retirement Study. University of Michigan; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/hrs.isr.umich.edu\/publications\/biblio\/5954","DOI":"10.7826\/ISR-UM.06.585031.001.05.0018.2009"},{"key":"2575_CR21","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Strauss J, Yang G, Giles J, Hu PF (Perry), Hu Y, Lei X, Liu M, Park A, Smith JP, Wang Y. China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study: 2011-2012 National Baseline User\u2019s Guide. National School of Development, Peking University; 2013."},{"key":"2575_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen X, Crimmins E, Hu P (Perry), Kim JK, Meng Q, Strauss J Venous blood-based biomarkers in the China health and retirement longitudinal study, et al. editors. Rationale, design, and results from the 2015 wave. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188:1871\u20137.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz170"},{"key":"2575_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13110","volume":"20","author":"T Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m T, Holzmann MJ, Eliasson B, Svensson A-M, Sartipy U. Estimated glucose disposal rate predicts mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:556\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2575_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:61\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2575_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","volume":"43","author":"A Sonnega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnega A, Faul JD, Ofstedal MB, Langa KM, Phillips JW, Weir DR. Cohort profile: the health and retirement study (HRS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:576\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2575_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02114-w","volume":"23","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Wang Y, Shi B, Sun S, Wang S, Pang S, et al. Association between the cumulative average triglyceride glucose-body mass index and cardiovascular disease incidence among the middle-aged and older population: a prospective nationwide cohort study in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:16.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01983-5","volume":"22","author":"R-R Huo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huo R-R, Zhai L, Liao Q, You X-M. Changes in the triglyceride glucose-body mass index estimate the risk of stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:254.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.045","volume":"79","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li C, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Hua R, Zhong B, Xie W. Association of cumulative blood pressure with cognitive decline, dementia, and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:1321\u201335.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2575_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23997","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23997","volume":"36","author":"JK Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim JK, Faul J, Weir DR, Crimmins EM. Dried blood spot based biomarkers in the health and retirement study: 2006 to 2016. Am J Hum Biology: Official J Hum Biology Council. 2024;36:e23997.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biology: Official J Hum Biology Council"},{"key":"2575_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02098-7","volume":"23","author":"N Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen N, Ma L-L, Zhang Y, Chu X, Dong J, Yan Y-X. Association of long-term triglyceride-glucose index patterns with the incidence of chronic kidney disease among non-diabetic population: evidence from a functional community cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101264","volume":"44","author":"K Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao K, Cao L-F, Ma W-Z, Gao Y-J, Luo M-S, Zhu J, et al. Association between Sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older adults: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101264.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2575_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002834","volume":"16","author":"R Hamad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamad R, Nguyen TT, Bhattacharya J, Glymour MM, Rehkopf DH. Educational attainment and cardiovascular disease in the United States: a quasi-experimental instrumental variables analysis. Plos Med. 2019;16:e1002834.","journal-title":"Plos Med"},{"key":"2575_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.128","volume":"320","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Li C, Wu T, Wang Y, Hua R, Ma Y, et al. Associations of cumulative depressive symptoms with subsequent cognitive decline and adverse health events: two prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord. 2023;320:91\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2575_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covello AL, Horwitz LI, Singhal S, Blaum CS, Li Y, Dodson JA. Cardiovascular disease and cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment in the health and retirement study. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21:274.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02191-0"},{"key":"2575_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad885","volume":"45","author":"D He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He D, Wang Z, Li J, Yu K, He Y, He X, et al. Changes in frailty and incident cardiovascular disease in three prospective cohorts. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:1058\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2575_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02336-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren Q, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chu T, Li G, Wu Z. Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese individuals: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:247.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15173","volume":"25","author":"H-J Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu H-J, Ho M, Chau PH, Fong DYT. Trajectories of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin in obese and non-obese incident diabetes: results from two large cohort studies. Diabetes Obes Metabolism. 2023;25:2835\u201345.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabolism"},{"key":"2575_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2013573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13573","volume":"3","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma Y, Liang L, Zheng F, Shi L, Zhong B, Xie W. Association between sleep duration and cognitive decline. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2013573.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2575_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-04986-8","volume":"63","author":"Z-B Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Z-B, Zhu Y, Li D, Wu M-Y, Tang M-L, Wang J-B, et al. Association between visit-to-visit variability of HbA1c and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of two prospective population-based cohorts. Diabetologia. 2020;63:85\u201394.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2575_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02165-4","volume":"19","author":"Y Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma Y, Hua R, Yang Z, Zhong B, Yan L, Xie W. Different hypertension thresholds and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of three ageing cohorts. BMC Med. 2021;19:287.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2575_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14529","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14529","volume":"38","author":"R Helliwell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helliwell R, Warnes H, Kietsiriroje N, Campbell M, Birch R, Pearson SM, et al. Body mass index, estimated glucose disposal rate and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes: beyond glycated haemoglobin. Diabet Medicine: J Br Diabet Association. 2021;38:e14529.","journal-title":"Diabet Medicine: J Br Diabet Association"},{"key":"2575_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154766","volume":"119","author":"MA Hill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun Z, Jia G, Parrish AR, et al. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolis. 2021;119:154766.","journal-title":"Metabolis"},{"key":"2575_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4081-6","volume":"59","author":"E Tikkanen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tikkanen E, Pirinen M, Sarin A-P, Havulinna AS, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Saltevo J, et al. Genetic support for the causal role of insulin in coronary heart disease. Diabetologia. 2016;59:2369\u201377.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2575_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1982","volume":"30","author":"ES Kilpatrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and complication risk in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:707\u201312.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2575_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00729-5","volume":"11","author":"D \u0160imonien\u0117","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u0160imonien\u0117 D, Plat\u016bkiene A, Prakapien\u0117 E, Radzevi\u010dien\u0117 L, Veli\u010dkiene D. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus and its association with patient\u2019s micro- and macrovascular complications, sex hormones, and other clinical data. Diabetes Therapy: Res Treat Educ Diabetes Relat Disorders. 2020;11:161\u201374.","journal-title":"Diabetes Therapy: Res Treat Educ Diabetes Relat Disorders"},{"key":"2575_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109211","volume":"184","author":"Y Mao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao Y, Zhong W. Changes of insulin resistance status and development of complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus: analysis of DCCT\/EDIC study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;184:109211.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2575_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02485-8","volume":"23","author":"X Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng X, Han W, Li Y, Jiang M, Ren X, Yang P, et al. Changes in the estimated glucose disposal rate and incident cardiovascular disease: two large prospective cohorts in europe and asia. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:403.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01394-4","volume":"20","author":"A Zabala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zabala A, Darsalia V, Lind M, Svensson A-M, Franz\u00e9n S, Eliasson B, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of stroke and mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:202.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong X, Wang W. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in U.S. adults with prediabetes: a nationwide cross-sectional and prospective cohort study. Acta Diabetol. 2024;61:1413\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02305-1"},{"key":"2575_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00915-9","volume":"14","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu C, Liu X, Ma X, Cheng Y, Sun Y, Zhang D, et al. Predictive worth of estimated glucose disposal rate: evaluation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and non-diabetic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14:145.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2575_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007061","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007061","volume":"7","author":"L Lind","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lind L, Sundstr\u00f6m J, \u00c4rnl\u00f6v J, Lampa E. Impact of aging on the strength of cardiovascular risk factors: a longitudinal study over 40 years. J Am Heart Association. 2018;7:e007061.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Association"},{"key":"2575_CR52","first-page":"jech","volume":"78","author":"J Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun J, Wang N, Li S, Li M, Zhang A, Qin B, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of arterial stiffness and long-term all-acuse mortality: a 10-year prospective study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2023;78:jech\u20132023.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"key":"2575_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012477","volume":"131","author":"AM Navar-Boggan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D\u2019Agostino RB, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Pencina MJ. Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2015;131:451\u20138.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2575_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13595","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13595","volume":"16","author":"J Yao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao J, Zhou F, Ruan L, Liang Y, Zheng Q, Shao J, et al. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate control level and stroke incidence in middle-aged and elderly adults. J Diabetes. 2024;16:e13595.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2575_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02241-y","volume":"23","author":"J-L Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin J-L, Yang J, Song X-J, Qin X, Chang Y-J, Chen X, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:177.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2575_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027895","volume":"9","author":"D Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu D, Arling G, Wang K. A cross-sectional study of self-rated health among older adults: a comparison of China and the United States. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e027895.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2575_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007462","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007462","volume":"7","author":"Y Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu Y, Wang P, Zhou T, Lu J, Spatz ES, Nasir K, et al. Comparison of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors in China and the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e007462.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2575_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.11.001","volume":"27","author":"Y Tong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tong Y, Xu S, Huang L, Chen C. Obesity and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and treatment. Drug Discovery Today. 2022;27:822\u201330.","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"2575_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","volume":"126","author":"M-E Pich\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pich\u00e9 M-E, Tchernof A, Despr\u00e9s J-P. Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res. 2020;126:1477\u2013500.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2575_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.066","volume":"36","author":"AA Da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Da Silva AA, Do Carmo JM, Li X, Wang Z, Mouton AJ, Hall JE. Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in hypertension: metabolic syndrome revisited. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36:671\u201382.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T12:00:34Z","timestamp":1738324834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the CHARLS was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The HRS was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan and the National Institute on Aging. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}