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The primary outcomes of our study included incident DM, composite MACE and all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the participants, 24.6% were diagnosed with prediabetes, while 8.8% had FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960 at baseline. Both conditions independently increased the risk of incident DM, composite MACE, and all-cause mortality. Stratification based on the presence of prediabetes and FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960 showed that their combination posed the highest risk for outcomes, even after adjusting for relevant covariates. For incident DM, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were as follows: 3.75 (3.69\u20133.81), 2.35 (2.29\u20132.42), and 6.80 (6.62\u20136.98) for prediabetes with FLI\u2009&lt;\u200960, normoglycemia with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, and prediabetes with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, respectively. For composite MACE, the ORs (95% CI) were 1.02 (1.00\u20131.05), 1.23 (1.17\u20131.28), and 1.27 (1.21\u20131.33) for prediabetes with FLI\u2009&lt;\u200960, normoglycemia with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, and prediabetes with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, respectively. For all-cause mortality, ORs (95% CI) were 1.12 (1.08\u20131.15), 1.51 (1.43\u20131.59), and 1.69 (1.60\u20131.79) for prediabetes with FLI\u2009&lt;\u200960, normoglycemia with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, and prediabetes with FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The coexistence of prediabetes and FLI\u2009\u2265\u200960, which is a surrogate marker of hepatic steatosis, demonstrated a combined effect, additively increasing the risk of incident DM, composite MACE, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Not applicable (retrospectively registered).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02793-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T11:17:39Z","timestamp":1752146259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Combined impact of prediabetes and fatty liver index on cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in middle aged adults: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Young Sang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sojeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Ram","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Hee","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seogsong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngmin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Cheol","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonsuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"2793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4063","volume":"329","author":"JB Echouffo-Tcheugui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Perreault L, Ji L, Dagogo-Jack S. 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