{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:40:16Z","timestamp":1793907616490,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center Projects","award":["SHDC2023CRSO34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC2023CRSO34"]}]},{"name":"Basic Standard of Dataset for Diabetic Foot Disease Screening by the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2023WB06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023WB06"]}]},{"name":"Development of Technical Standards for Hierarchical and Closed-Loop Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Disease by the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["23DZ2203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23DZ2203200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82273733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T09:46:25Z","timestamp":1755855985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lipid metabolism-related inflammatory indices (LMIIs) and incident peripheral artery diseases (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a multicohort study from China and the UK biobank"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bichen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingzhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2887_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535","volume":"128","author":"AW Aday","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aday AW, Matsushita K. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease and polyvascular disease. Circ Res. 2021;128(12):1818\u201332.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2887_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314595","volume":"40","author":"JA Barnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes JA, Eid MA, Creager MA, Goodney PP. Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(8):1808\u201317.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2887_CR3","unstructured":"Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(10):e1553\u2013e1565."},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0781-1","volume":"17","author":"M Nativel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nativel M, Potier L, Alexandre L, Baillet-Blanco L, Ducasse E, Velho G, Marre M, Roussel R, Rigalleau V, Mohammedi K. Lower extremity arterial disease in patients with diabetes: a contemporary narrative review. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2887_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01606-6","volume":"15","author":"S Verma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verma S, Leiter LA, Mangla KK, Nielsen NF, Hansen Y, Bonaca MP. Epidemiology and burden of peripheral artery disease in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review. Diabetes Therapy: Res, Treat Educ Diabetes Relat Disord. 2024;15(9):1893\u2013961.","journal-title":"Diabetes Therapy: Res, Treat Educ Diabetes Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"2887_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878373","volume":"26","author":"L La Sala","year":"2019","unstructured":"La Sala L, Prattichizzo F, Ceriello A. The link between diabetes and atherosclerosis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(2_suppl):15\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0763-3","volume":"17","author":"R Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur R, Kaur M, Singh J. Endothelial dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: molecular insights and therapeutic strategies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):121.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2887_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.918417","volume":"122","author":"G Brevetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brevetti G, Giugliano G, Brevetti L, Hiatt WR. Inflammation in peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2010;122(18):1862\u201375.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2887_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.025","volume":"20","author":"T Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, Fu D, Hu Y, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yu H, Xu W, Xie X. New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol. 2019;20:247\u201360.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2887_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318258","volume":"128","author":"MP Bonaca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonaca MP, Hamburg NM, Creager MA. Contemporary medical management of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 2021;128(12):1868\u201384.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2887_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S406102","volume":"16","author":"X Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan X, Zhang X, Ban J, Yue L, Ren L, Chen S. Association of neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with cardiac ultrasound parameters and cardiovascular risk: a cross-sectional study based on healthy populations. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:1853\u201365.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01638-6","volume":"21","author":"M Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang M, Yang J, Zou H, Li M, Sun W, Kong X. Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (MHR) and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a nationwide cohort study in the United States. Lipids Health Dis. 2022;21(1):30.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02063-w","volume":"48","author":"FG C\u00e2ndido","year":"2024","unstructured":"C\u00e2ndido FG, da Silva A, Zanirate GA, Oliveira N, Hermsdorff HHM. Lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is positively associated with pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and non-traditional cardiometabolic risk markers: a cross-sectional study at secondary health care. Inflammation. 2024;48(1):276\u201387.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02115-y","volume":"23","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Xu Y, Xu Y. The association of the platelet\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with self-reported stroke and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based observational study. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23(1):121.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01741-8","volume":"21","author":"J Xi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xi J, Men S, Nan J, Yang Q, Dong J. The blood monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a possible marker of carotid artery plaque. Lipids Health Dis. 2022;21(1):130.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01695-x","volume":"21","author":"SL Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu SL, Feng BY, Song QR, Zhang YM, Wu SL, Cai J. Neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in subjects with pre-diabetes: a large cohort study from China. Lipids Health Dis. 2022;21(1):86.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2887_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14152","volume":"29","author":"Q Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Q, Wu Q, Chen L, Li H, Tian X, Xia X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Wu Y, et al. Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio predicts clinical outcomes after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023;29(7):1953\u201364.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"2887_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100453","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1100453","volume":"14","author":"Y Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song Y, Zhao Y, Shu Y, Zhang L, Cheng W, Wang L, Shu M, Xue B, Wang R, Feng Z, et al. Combination model of neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio and system inflammation response index is more valuable for predicting peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1100453.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4644","volume":"46","author":"S Selvaggio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaggio S, Abate A, Brugaletta G, Musso C, Di Guardo M, Di Guardo C, Vicari ESD, Romano M, Luca S, Signorelli SS. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as markers of peripheral artery disease in elderly patients. Int J Mol Med. 2020;46(3):1210\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2887_CR20","unstructured":"Song Y. Correlation of peripheral blood cell-derived inflammatory markers and plasma remnant cholesterol with lower extremity arterial disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Huazhong University of Science and Technology. 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000987","volume":"30","author":"N Pearce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pearce N, Vandenbroucke JP, Lawlor DA. Causal inference in environmental epidemiology: old and new approaches. Epidemiology. 2019;30(3):311\u20136.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, Downey P, Elliott P, Green J, Landray M, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3): e1001779.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1503","volume":"47","author":"K Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu K, Qian F, Lu Q, Li R, Qiu Z, Li L, Li R, Yu H, Deng Y, Yang K, et al. Modifiable lifestyle factors, genetic risk, and incident peripheral artery disease among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(3):435\u201343.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2887_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110869","volume":"203","author":"B Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren B, Li B, Pan T, Zhao E, Ju S, Li X, Li X, Zhu Y, Cai Y, Huang L, et al. Risk factors for at-risk foot and peripheral artery disease among the population with diabetes: A multicommunity-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;203: 110869.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"2887_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0492-5","volume":"25","author":"D Klarin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klarin D, Lynch J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Assimes TL, Huang J, Lee KM, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Natarajan P, et al. Genome-wide association study of peripheral artery disease in the million veteran program. Nat Med. 2019;25(8):1274\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2887_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218756159","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Austin PC. Assessing covariate balance when using the generalized propensity score with quantitative or continuous exposures. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019;28(5):1365\u201377.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2887_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218776690","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Austin PC. Assessing the performance of the generalized propensity score for estimating the effect of quantitative or continuous exposures on survival or time-to-event outcomes. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019;28(8):2348\u201367.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2887_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7615","volume":"37","author":"PC Austin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Austin PC. Assessing the performance of the generalized propensity score for estimating the effect of quantitative or continuous exposures on binary outcomes. Stat Med. 2018;37(11):1874\u201394.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2887_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","volume":"11","author":"JM Robins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robins JM, Hern\u00e1n MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):550\u201360.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12129","volume":"78","author":"KC Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan KC, Yam SC, Zhang Z. Globally efficient non-parametric inference of average treatment effects by empirical balancing calibration weighting. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 2016;78(3):673\u2013700.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2014-0022","volume":"3","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Coffman DL, Ghosh D. A boosting algorithm for estimating generalized propensity scores with continuous treatments. J Causal Inference. 2015;3(1):25\u201340.","journal-title":"J Causal Inference"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000366","volume":"2","author":"T Gaster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaster T, Eggertsen CM, St\u00f8vring H, Ehrenstein V, Petersen I. Quantifying the impact of unmeasured confounding in observational studies with the E value. BMJ Med. 2023;2(1): e000366.","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2887_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0246","volume":"319","author":"SL Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang SL, Huang YL, Lee MC, Hu S, Hsiao YC, Chang SW, Chang CJ, Chen PC. Association of varicose veins with incident venous thromboembolism and peripheral artery disease. JAMA. 2018;319(8):807\u201317.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2887_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133944","volume":"469","author":"B Ai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ai B, Zhang J, Zhang S, Chen G, Tian F, Chen L, Li H, Guo Y, Jerath A, Lin H, et al. Causal association between long-term exposure to air pollution and incident Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Hazard Mater. 2024;469: 133944.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2887_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.111228","volume":"166","author":"Q Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Q, Yang Z, Cai X, Zhao H, Jia J, Sun F. Advances in methodologies of negative controls: a scoping review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;166: 111228.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2887_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6977","volume":"35","author":"MJ Schuemie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schuemie MJ, Hripcsak G, Ryan PB, Madigan D, Suchard MA. Robust empirical calibration of p-values using observational data. Stat Med. 2016;35(22):3883\u20138.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2887_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5925","volume":"33","author":"MJ Schuemie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schuemie MJ, Ryan PB, DuMouchel W, Suchard MA, Madigan D. Interpreting observational studies: why empirical calibration is needed to correct p-values. Stat Med. 2014;33(2):209\u201318.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2887_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318281a64e","volume":"24","author":"TJ Vander Weele","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vander Weele TJ. A three-way decomposition of a total effect into direct, indirect, and interactive effects. Epidemiology. 2013;24(2):224\u201332.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2887_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01238-2","volume":"19","author":"JB Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang JB, Chen YS, Ji HY, Xie WM, Jiang J, Ran LS, Zhang CT, Quan XQ. Neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio has a superior prognostic value in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: a comparison study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):59.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00955-7","volume":"7","author":"P Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong P, Cui ZY, Huang XF, Zhang DD, Guo RJ, Han M. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):131.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2887_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259231189195","volume":"29","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Kang Z, Yin D, Gao J. Role of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis. Innate Immun. 2023;29(6):97\u2013109.","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"20","key":"2887_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-12-844605","volume":"133","author":"MD Filippi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Filippi MD. Neutrophil transendothelial migration: updates and new perspectives. Blood. 2019;133(20):2149\u201358.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"2887_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","volume":"176","author":"TA Fuchs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, Hurwitz R, Schulze I, Wahn V, Weinrauch Y, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2007;176(2):231\u201341.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2887_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8030","volume":"32","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. The role of myeloperoxidase in biomolecule modification, chronic inflammation, and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2020;32(13):957\u201381.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"11","key":"2887_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1575-8","volume":"95","author":"DA Chistiakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(11):1153\u201365.","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2887_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0265-3","volume":"17","author":"T Kuznetsova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuznetsova T, Prange KHM, Glass CK, de Winther MPJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(4):216\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2887_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0352-5","volume":"17","author":"R Saigusa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saigusa R, Winkels H, Ley K. T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(7):387\u2013401.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.021","volume":"40","author":"H Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim H, Kim YU, Sun H, Lee JH, Reynolds JM, Hanabuchi S, Wu H, Teng BB, Chung Y. Proatherogenic conditions promote autoimmune T helper 17 cell responses in vivo. Immunity. 2014;40(1):153\u201365.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2887_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00413-9","volume":"3","author":"Y D\u00f6ring","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring Y, van der Vorst EPC, Yan Y, Neideck C, Blanchet X, Jansen Y, Kemmerich M, Bayasgalan S, Peters LJF, Hristov M, et al. Identification of a non-canonical chemokine-receptor pathway suppressing regulatory T cells to drive atherosclerosis. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2024;3:221\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2887_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0106-9","volume":"16","author":"AP Sage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sage AP, Tsiantoulas D, Binder CJ, Mallat Z. The role of B cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(3):180\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.072","volume":"71","author":"R Dann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dann R, Hadi T, Montenont E, Boytard L, Alebrahim D, Feinstein J, Allen N, Simon R, Barone K, Uryu K, et al. Platelet-derived MRP-14 induces monocyte activation in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(1):53\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2887_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050808","volume":"143","author":"C Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia C, Anderson JLC, Gruppen EG, Lei Y, Bakker SJL, Dullaart RPF, Tietge UJF. High-density lipoprotein anti-inflammatory capacity and incident cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2021;143(20):1935\u201345.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2887_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.7.786","volume":"298","author":"IM Singh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singh IM, Shishehbor MH, Ansell BJ. High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;298(7):786\u201398.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"2887_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000170946.56981.5c","volume":"96","author":"GF Lewis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewis GF, Rader DJ. New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res. 2005;96(12):1221\u201332.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2887_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.984146","volume":"123","author":"JE Feig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feig JE, Parathath S, Rong JX, Mick SL, Vengrenyuk Y, Grauer L, Young SG, Fisher EA. Reversal of hyperlipidemia with a genetic switch favorably affects the content and inflammatory state of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation. 2011;123(9):989\u201398.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2887_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.226258","volume":"31","author":"AJ Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ, Suhartoyo A, Stirzaker RA, Shaw J, Sviridov D, Chin-Dusting JP. Neutrophil activation is attenuated by high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A-I in in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(6):1333\u201341.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2887_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.08.012","volume":"193","author":"M Lacy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacy M, Atzler D, Liu R, de Winther M, Weber C, Lutgens E. Interactions between dyslipidemia and the immune system and their relevance as putative therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;193:50\u201362.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2887_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01990-6","volume":"22","author":"T Alnima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alnima T, Meijer RI, Spronk HMH, Warl\u00e9 M, Cate HT. Diabetes- versus smoking-related thrombo-inflammation in peripheral artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):257.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2887_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.006","volume":"1862","author":"J Poveda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poveda J, Sanz AB, Rayego-Mateos S, Ruiz-Ortega M, Carrasco S, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Ni\u00f1o MD. NF\u03baBiz protein downregulation in acute kidney injury: modulation of inflammation and survival in tubular cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1862(4):635\u201346.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2887_CR61","first-page":"9830627","volume":"2022","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu F, Mao Y, Yan J, Sun Y, Xie Z, Li F, Yan F, Zhang H, Zhang P. Bionic microbubble neutrophil composite for inflammation-responsive atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque pluripotent intervention. Research (Washington, DC). 2022;2022:9830627.","journal-title":"Research (Washington, DC)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2887_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00243-4","volume":"7","author":"X Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi X, Miao W, Tchetgen ET. A selective review of negative control methods in epidemiology. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2020;7(4):190\u2013202.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2887_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf052","author":"R Goulden","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goulden R. Time for evidence-based methodology in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf052.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T04:56:08Z","timestamp":1757480168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02887-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University (JIEC 2021-S24) and the North West-Haydock Research Ethics Committee (11\/NW\/0382).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"346"}}