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This study aims to investigate whether there is a difference in the indication, prognosis and complication rates for ICD-implantation between patients with and without type 2 diabetes in different ICD prevention groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Swedish retrospective cohort study included patients with de novo ICDs implanted between 2010 and 2021. Data from six national registries were analyzed to compare type 2 diabetes and No-DM patients regarding indications, complications, and outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], all-cause mortality). Subgroup analyses compared type 2 diabetes and No-DM by primary (PP) or secondary prevention (SP) ICD indication, and within the type 2 diabetes and No-DM groups (PP vs. SP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study cohort consisted of 12,885 patients, including 2,843 with type 2 diabetes. Patients with diabetes had a mean age of 67.9 years and 85.4% were male, compared with 62.1 years and 78.1% among No-DM patients (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). PP was more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes (62.7%) than No-DM (54.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Ischemic heart disease was the most common etiology in both patients with\/without type 2 diabetes (47.7% vs. 32.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Non-ischemic etiologies were more common in No-DM patients, e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy (15.3% vs. 17.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Type 2 diabetes patients had a higher adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (Hazard ratio 1.95 [95% CI: 1.81\u20132.11]) and MACE (1.87 [1.71\u20132.05]), with a more pronounced risk in SP than PP. Infection rates were comparable between patients with type 2 diabetes and No-DM (1.1% vs. 1.3%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with type 2 diabetes more often received ICDs for PP and ischemic indications than No-DM patients and had a worse prognosis despite similar one-year infection risk. This likely reflects greater comorbidity burden and diabetes-specific factors, indicating the need for tailored risk management strategies beyond device implantation in patients with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03044-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T03:43:02Z","timestamp":1767152582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indications, prognosis, and complications of de Novo implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: a nationwide registry-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Rautio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"N\u00e4sman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soffia","family":"Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Gadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Ryd\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tigist","family":"Wodaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda G.","family":"Mellbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02084-z","volume":"23","author":"E Rautio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rautio E, Gadler F, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S, Franz\u00e9n S, Ryd\u00e9n L, Savarese G, et al. 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For this retrospective registry-based study, all analyses are carried out using pseudonymized individual codes assigned to each subject. The study, which was conducted in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the Central Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (DNR:2021\u201300440).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"L.G.M declares consulting and speaker fees to her employer Karolinska University Hospital for participation in advisory board, lectures and clinical trials supported and funded by Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi, and research grants from Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Region Stockholm (ALF), Amgen and Bayer AG. All other authors report no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}