{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:24:35Z","timestamp":1787012675892,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science and Technology Capacity Enhancement Program of Jilin Provincial Health Commission","award":["2025WS-ZA002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025WS-ZA002"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Medical Reward Foundation","award":["YXJL-2025-0483-0322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YXJL-2025-0483-0322"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32471535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The \u201cMedicine +X\u201d cross-innovation construction project of China","award":["2025JBGS05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JBGS05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:56:03Z","timestamp":1781168163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimated glucose disposal rate outperforms inflammation surrogate markers in predicting cardiometabolic multimorbidity among middle-aged and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cancan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengtong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3249_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00054-5","volume":"4","author":"Y Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin Y, Liang J, Hong C, Liang R, Luo Y. Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, lifestyle behaviours, and cognitive function: a multicohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4:e265\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"3249_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac744","volume":"44","author":"A Dove","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dove A, et al. Cardiometabolic multimorbidity and incident dementia: the Swedish twin registry. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:573\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3249_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024476","volume":"9","author":"D Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang D, et al. Multimorbidity of cardiometabolic diseases: prevalence and risk for mortality from one million Chinese adults in a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024476.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3249_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In China, T W C O T R O H A D & Hu, S-S Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2021: an updated summary. J. Geriatr. Cardiol. JGC 2023;20: 399\u2013430.","DOI":"10.26599\/1671-5411.2023.06.001"},{"key":"3249_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02597-9","volume":"24","author":"H Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian H, Li Y-M, Wang C-Q, Chen G-Q, Lian Y. Association between non-insulin-based insulin resistance indicators and frailty progression: a national cohort study and mendelian randomization analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:31.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01936-3","volume":"19","author":"G Penno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Penno G, et al. Insulin resistance, diabetic kidney disease, and all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2021;19:66.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3249_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02570-y","volume":"24","author":"J Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao J, et al. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate and cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes or prediabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:13.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02437-2","volume":"23","author":"J Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi J, Qu C, Li X, Gao H. Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases incidence: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:349.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02860-z","volume":"24","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, et al. Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts cardiovascular disease in stages 0\u20133 of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a UK biobank cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:360.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0708","volume":"90","author":"M Recasens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Recasens M, et al. An inflammation score is better associated with basal than stimulated surrogate indexes of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:112\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3249_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.5433","volume":"10","author":"RS Rosenson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosenson RS, et al. Oxidized Phospholipids, and Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers: Results From the OCEAN(a)-DOSE Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025;10:482\u20136. Olpasiran.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"3249_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.5605","volume":"9","author":"AM Small","year":"2024","unstructured":"Small AM, et al. Lipoprotein(a), C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk in Primary and Secondary Prevention Populations. JAMA Cardiol. 2024;9:385\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"3249_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02699-z","volume":"24","author":"W Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng W, Feng X, Kang P, Liu J, Tang B. Estimated glucose disposal rate and the dynamic transitions of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in prediabetes: a multistate trajectory analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24:317.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"3249_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111894","volume":"217","author":"Q Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Q, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: A nationwide prospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;217:111894.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"3249_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02729-1","volume":"24","author":"B Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong B, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate outperforms other insulin resistance surrogates in predicting incident cardiovascular diseases in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0\u20133 and the development of a machine learning prediction model: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:163.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02692-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. Joint association of estimated glucose disposal rate and systemic inflammation response index with mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0\u20133: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:147.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02244-9","volume":"23","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui C, et al. Joint association of TyG index and high sensitivity C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease: a national cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:156.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02686-9","volume":"24","author":"G Huo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huo G, et al. Association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and stroke risk in different glycemic status: insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:142.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:61\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3249_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02256-5","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Lu Y, Xiao Y, Zhou X. Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of incident cardiovascular diseases among individuals without diabetes: findings from a nationwide, population based, prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:194.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02336-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren Q, et al. Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese individuals: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:247.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07951-1","volume":"38","author":"L Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding L, Zhu X, Xiong Z, Yang F, Zhang X. The Association of Age at Diagnosis of Hypertension with Cognitive Decline: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38:1431\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"3249_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02567-7","volume":"24","author":"C Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui C, et al. The additive effect of the stress hyperglycemia ratio on type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2451806","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51806","volume":"7","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui C, et al. Childhood Exposure to Interparental Physical Violence and Adult Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2451806.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3249_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e035764","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035764","volume":"13","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui C, et al. Intraindividual Discordance Between Remnant Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Associated With Incident Stroke: Results From 2 National Cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e035764.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"3249_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui C, et al. Childhood Exposure to Multiple Types of Violence and Adult Cardiovascular Disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;zwaf292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf292.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf292"},{"key":"3249_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039185","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039185","volume":"14","author":"X Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi X, et al. Association of Differences in Cystatin C- and Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate With Prevalence and Incidence of Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e039185.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"3249_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-026-02641-4","author":"A Haqi Ismael","year":"2026","unstructured":"Haqi Ismael A, Hameed EK. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: the silent burden unmasked by eGDR. Acta Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-026-02641-4.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02672-1","volume":"24","author":"S Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao S, et al. Insulin resistance quantified by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts cardiovascular disease incidence: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:161.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02618-7","volume":"24","author":"L Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang L, et al. Assessment of six insulin resistance surrogate indexes for predicting stroke incidence in Chinese middle-aged and elderly populations with abnormal glucose metabolism: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:56.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02575-1","volume":"24","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, et al. Association between the cumulative estimated glucose disposal rate and incident cardiovascular disease in individuals over the age of 50 years and without diabetes: data from two large cohorts in China and the United States. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:51.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02485-8","volume":"23","author":"X Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng X, et al. Changes in the estimated glucose disposal rate and incident cardiovascular disease: two large prospective cohorts in Europe and Asia. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:403.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02699-z","volume":"24","author":"W Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng W, Feng X, Kang P, Liu J, Tang B. Estimated glucose disposal rate and the dynamic transitions of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in prediabetes: a multistate trajectory analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24:317.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"3249_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03067-y","volume":"25","author":"H Lai","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lai H, et al. Joint assessment of insulin resistance surrogate indices and basal metabolic rate for primary prevention of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011\u20132020). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25:37.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02699-z","volume":"24","author":"W Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng W, Feng X, Kang P, Liu J, Tang B. Estimated glucose disposal rate and the dynamic transitions of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in prediabetes: a multistate trajectory analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24:317.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"3249_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7008","volume":"314","author":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration","year":"2015","unstructured":"Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Association of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity With Mortality. JAMA. 2015;314:52\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3249_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193001","volume":"11","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H, et al. Macrophages, Chronic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance. Cells. 2022;11:3001.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"3249_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110691","volume":"200","author":"S Suren Garg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suren Garg S, Kushwaha K, Dubey R, Gupta J. Association between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance: Insights into signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;200:110691.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"3249_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02256-5","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Lu Y, Xiao Y, Zhou X. Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of incident cardiovascular diseases among individuals without diabetes: findings from a nationwide, population based, prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:194.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02692-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. Joint association of estimated glucose disposal rate and systemic inflammation response index with mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0\u20133: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:147.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03073-0","volume":"25","author":"R Yuan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yuan R, et al. Joint association of estimated glucose disposal rate and aggregate index of systemic inflammation with mortality in general population: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25:54.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02729-1","volume":"24","author":"B Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong B, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate outperforms other insulin resistance surrogates in predicting incident cardiovascular diseases in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0\u20133 and the development of a machine learning prediction model: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:163.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3249_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad885","volume":"45","author":"D He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He D, et al. Changes in frailty and incident cardiovascular disease in three prospective cohorts. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:1058\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:29:52Z","timestamp":1787009392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03249-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent at baseline.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"236"}}