{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:17:29Z","timestamp":1789402649156,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine National Natural Science Foundation of China Cultivation Program grant","award":["No. YN2025GZR15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. YN2025GZR15"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation","award":["82505436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82505436"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology","award":["QT-2025-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QT-2025-037"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026A1515012409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A1515012409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2025YFC3507901, 2025YFC3507902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFC3507901, 2025YFC3507902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:44:36Z","timestamp":1782467076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of cumulative exposure and longitudinal change patterns of the triglyceride glucose\u2013Chinese visceral adiposity index with incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from CHARLS"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Huilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangning","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3258_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization [EB\/OL]. [2025\u201307\u201331]. In https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)."},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR2","first-page":"39","volume":"41","author":"X Song","year":"2026","unstructured":"Song X, Zhang T, Zhou Z, Xu X, Zhou M. The distribution and changes of noncommunicable disease burden in China from 1990 to 2023. Chin Circulat J. 2026;41(1):39\u201347.","journal-title":"Chin Circulat J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003898","volume":"139","author":"T Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang T, Jiang H, Xu X, Zhao Z, Zhou M. Non-communicable disease burden in China, 1990-2023: evidence from the global burden of disease study 2023. China Med J. 2026;139(1):48\u201357.","journal-title":"China Med J"},{"issue":"38","key":"3258_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","volume":"45","author":"JW McEvoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(38):3912\u20134018.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3258_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050776","volume":"17","author":"H Berisha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Berisha H, Hattab R, Comi L, Giglione C, Migliaccio S, Magni P. Nutrition and lifestyle interventions in managing dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic risk. Nutrients. 2025;17(5):776.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"3258_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.5956","volume":"334","author":"RR Kalyani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalyani RR, Neumiller JJ, Maruthur NM, Wexler DJ. Diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults: a review. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 2025;334(11):984\u20131002.","journal-title":"Jama-J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"3258_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0475","volume":"47","author":"R Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun R, Wang J, Li M, Li J, Pan Y, Liu B, et al. Association of insulin resistance with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(12):2266\u201374.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02672-1","volume":"24","author":"S Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao S, Yu L, Li J, Wu J, Huang X, Xie Z, et al. Insulin resistance quantified by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts cardiovascular disease incidence: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):161.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02758-w","volume":"24","author":"X Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao X, Chen T, Zhou F, Sun Y, Zhang J, Li X, et al. The association between different insulin resistance surrogates and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):200.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3258_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104216","volume":"35","author":"R Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang R, Liu J, Fang G, Shi J, Zhang C, Huang Y. Association between visceral adiposity index and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;35(12):104216.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02340-w","volume":"30","author":"S Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu S, Cai Y, Hu H, Zhai C. Correlation of visceral adiposity index and dietary profile with cardiovascular disease based on decision tree modeling: a cross-sectional study of NHANES. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):123.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02770-0","volume":"24","author":"L Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu L, Li J, Tang Z, Gong P, Chang Z, Yang C, et al. How does biological age acceleration mediate the associations of obesity with cardiovascular disease? Evidence from international multi-cohort studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):209.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02675-y","volume":"24","author":"D Mo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mo D, Zhang P, Zhang M, Dai H, Guan J. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index versus triglyceride-glucose index in predicting cardiovascular disease risk: a cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):116.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02591-1","volume":"24","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Zhang Z, Luo X, Xiao Y, Tu T, Liu C, et al. The triglyceride-glucose index and its obesity-related derivatives as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients: insights from NHANES data with machine learning analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):47.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02880-9","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Wu S, Li J, Sun Z, Zhang B, Fu R, et al. Predictive value of the combined triglyceride-glucose and frailty index for cardiovascular disease and stroke in two prospective cohorts. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):318.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02813-6","volume":"24","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Teng T, Zhang N, Xu J, Dong Z, Jiao Q, et al. Derivatives of the triglyceride-glucose index and their association with incident hypertension in prehypertensive individuals: a 4-year cohort study augmented by mendelian randomization. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):284.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02709-5","volume":"24","author":"Z Zuo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zuo Z, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Shi R, Wu T. Joint association of the triglyceride-glucose index and stress hyperglycemia ratio with incidence and mortality risks of new-onset atrial fibrillation during sepsis: a retrospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):149.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02412-6","volume":"23","author":"V Gounden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gounden V, Devaraj S, Jialal I. The role of the triglyceride-glucose index as a biomarker of cardio-metabolic syndromes. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23(1):416.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04309-x","volume":"21","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Lu Y, Meng X, Zhou X. Association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and risk of stroke incidence in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population: evidence from a large national cohort study. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):518.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05665-y","volume":"22","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu L, Peng J, Zang D, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Song C, et al. The Chinese visceral adiposity index: a novel indicator more closely related to cardiovascular disease than other abdominal obesity indices among postmenopausal women. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):855.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02518-2","volume":"23","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Li S, Ren Q, Qiu Y, Pan M, Liu G, et al. The interaction between triglyceride-glucose index and visceral adiposity in cardiovascular disease risk: findings from a nationwide Chinese cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):427.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1532","volume":"21","author":"H Xie","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xie H, Yan C, Zheng Y, Wu H. Assessment of ten insulin resistance surrogate indexes predicts new-onset cardiovascular disease incidence in patients with prediabetes or diabetes: insights from CHARLS data with machine learning analysis. Glob Heart. 2026;21(1):17.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22726-z","volume":"25","author":"K Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu K, Zhang L, Zheng H, Wu W, Wang X, Huang Z, et al. Prospective associations between the trajectory of the Chinese visceral adiposity index and risk of new-onset heart failure. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):3936.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02336-6","volume":"23","author":"Q Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren Q, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chu T, Li G, Wu Z. Association between triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese individuals: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):247.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02854-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Yue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yue Y, Li P, Sun Z, Murayama R, Li Z, Hashimoto K, et al. Association of novel triglyceride-glucose-related indices with incident stroke in early-stage cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):301.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02571-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhou Z, Wu K, et al. Inflammatory markers link triglyceride-glucose index and obesity indicators with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension: insights from three cohorts. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):11.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03063-2","volume":"25","author":"W Zheng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zheng W, Man Z, Li Y, Zhu X. Association between the triglyceride glucose index:Chinese visceral adiposity index (TyG-CVAI) and new-onset cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults-insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):48.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02668-x","volume":"24","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Gao B, Huang F. Association between the triglyceride glucose-Chinese visceral adiposity index and new-onset stroke risk: a national cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):119.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02972-6","volume":"24","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang C, He S, Xie G, Zhang S, Xiong Z, Lu H, et al. Associations of longitudinal trajectories of triglyceride-glucose index combined with classical and novel obesity indices and cardiovascular disease: evidence from a nationwide prospective cohort study in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):431.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02945-9","volume":"24","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liu A. Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index with incident stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a longitudinal analysis based on CHARLS. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):386.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03096-1","volume":"25","author":"Y Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wei N, Li M, Liu J, Lin H, Zhang H. Cumulative exposure to the estimated glucose disposal rate and incident stroke in individuals with cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic syndrome stages 0\u20134: 6-year longitudinal evidence from CHARLS. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):78.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3258_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S538773","volume":"19","author":"L Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen L, Huang Y, Liu F, Huang N, Zeng D, Zhong Y, et al. Characteristics and related factors of Chinese herbal medicine use in middle-aged and older patients with cardiovascular disease in china: a cross-sectional study. Patient Prefer Adher. 2025;19:2623\u201333.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adher"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3258_CR34","first-page":"2001","volume":"19","author":"J Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo J, Yang J, Wang J, Liu W, Kang Y, Li Z, et al. Exploring gender differences in the association between TyG index and COPD: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999\u20132018. Int J Chronic Obstr. 2024;19:2001\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Chronic Obstr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-01030-x","volume":"44","author":"C Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun C, Jiang H, Zhu H, Shao C, Luo Z, Zhang B, et al. Association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and sarcopenia: a China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS)-based longitudinal analysis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2025;44(1):278.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02869-4","volume":"24","author":"X Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma X, Ma X, Wang Y, Qiu G, Zhang C. Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index with incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):303.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02848-9","volume":"24","author":"H Ou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ou H, Wei M, Li X, Xia X. C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index in evaluating cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality incidence among individuals across stages 0\u20133 of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):296.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3258_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad885","volume":"45","author":"D He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He D, Wang Z, Li J, Yu K, He Y, He X, et al. Changes in frailty and incident cardiovascular disease in three prospective cohorts. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(12):1058\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3258_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30217-1","volume":"6","author":"B Lacey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lacey B, Lewington S, Clarke R, Kong XL, Chen Y, Guo Y, et al. Age-specific association between blood pressure and vascular and non-vascular chronic diseases in 0\u00b75 million adults in China: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(6):e641\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3258_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002026","volume":"13","author":"F Bragg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bragg F, Li L, Yang L, Guo Y, Chen Y, Bian Z, et al. Risks and population burden of cardiovascular diseases associated with diabetes in China: a prospective study of 0.5 million adults. PLOS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002026.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54971-4","volume":"14","author":"X Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai X, Song S, Hu J, Zhu Q, Shen D, Yang W, et al. Association of the trajectory of plasma aldosterone concentration with the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: a cohort study. Sci rep-UK. 2024;14(1):4906.","journal-title":"Sci rep-UK"},{"key":"3258_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S469376","volume":"17","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao J, Cai X, Hu J, Song S, Zhu Q, Shen D, et al. J-shaped relationship between weight-adjusted-waist index and cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a cohort study. Diabetes Metabol Syndrome Obesity\u202f: Target Therapy. 2024;17:2671\u201381.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabol. Syndrome Obesity : Target. Therapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"3258_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2410280","volume":"24","author":"W Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen W, Cai X, Zhu Q, Hu J, Hong J, Zhang X, et al. Linear relationship between hepatic steatosis index and major adverse cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a real-world cohort study from China. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(10):280.","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"3258_CR44","first-page":"14336","volume":"10","author":"J Luoqian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luoqian J, Wu J, Jia L, Ran Z, Wu M, Yang S. The molecular and metabolic landscape of insulin resistance in aging-related cardiovascular diseases. Aging Dis. 2025;10:14336.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3258_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1218","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00826.2024","volume":"328","author":"WB Horton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Horton WB, Love KM, Gregory JM, Liu Z, Barrett EJ. Metabolic and vascular insulin resistance: partners in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Am J Phys Heart Circulat Physiol. 2025;328(6):H1218\u201336.","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Heart Circulat Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-025-00247-3","volume":"11","author":"A Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain A. Chronic hyperglycemia and cardiovascular dysfunction: an in-depth exploration of metabolic and cellular pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascul Diabetology\u2014Endocrinol Reports. 2025;11(1):39.","journal-title":"Cardiovascul. Diabetology\u2014Endocrinol. Reports"},{"key":"3258_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120424","volume":"408","author":"DB Matar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matar DB, Elahi MA, Sukkarieh H, Nassar WK, Aljada A. Unlocking the secrets: adipose tissue dysfunction and atherosclerosis-mechanisms and innovative therapeutic approaches. Atherosclerosis. 2025;408:120424.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"3258_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak A, Mourad J, Weber T: Arterial Stiffness: The Unseen Bridge Between Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025:zwaf263.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf263"},{"issue":"3","key":"3258_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655741820","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231164548","volume":"51","author":"CE Kosmas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kosmas CE, Bousvarou MD, Kostara CE, Papakonstantinou EJ, Salamou E, Guzman E. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Int Med Res. 2023;51(3):655741820.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3258_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02346-0","volume":"10","author":"MJ Herzog","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herzog MJ, M\u00fcller P, Lechner K, Stiebler M, Arndt P, Kunz M, et al. Arterial stiffness and vascular aging: mechanisms, prevention, and therapy. Signal Transduct Tar. 2025;10(1):282.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Tar"},{"key":"3258_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042222-021346","volume":"86","author":"MD Polkinghorne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Polkinghorne MD, West HW, Antoniades C. Adipose tissue in cardiovascular disease: from basic science to clinical translation. Annu Rev Physiol. 2024;86:175\u201398.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"3258_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187735","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1187735","volume":"10","author":"A Cesaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cesaro A, De Michele G, Fimiani F, Acerbo V, Scherillo G, Signore G, et al. Visceral adipose tissue and residual cardiovascular risk: a pathological link and new therapeutic options. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1187735.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:47:33Z","timestamp":1789087653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03258-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for CHARLS was granted by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-11015), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"274"}}