{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:55:04Z","timestamp":1791590104119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Clinical Specialty"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Diabetol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:33:28Z","timestamp":1787744008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Composite C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose adiposity indices and incident cardiovascular-liver-metabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7851-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shicong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30127-3","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Atun R, Oldenburg B, et al. Physical multimorbidity, health service use, and catastrophic health expenditure by socioeconomic groups in China: an analysis of population-based panel data. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(6):e840\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30127-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7008","volume":"314","author":"E Di Angelantonio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Angelantonio E, Kaptoge S, Wormser D, et al. Association of cardiometabolic multimorbidity with mortality. JAMA. 2015;314(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.7008.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"3351_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.03.003","volume":"10","author":"A Marengoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, et al. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):430\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2011.03.003.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02819-0","volume":"24","author":"Z Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian Z, Yang L, Li Y, et al. Associations of different insulin resistance-related indices with the incidence and progression trajectory of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study from UK biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02819-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02347-3","volume":"23","author":"N Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang N, Liu X, Wang L, et al. Lifestyle factors and their relative contributions to longitudinal progression of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02347-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02928-w","volume":"24","author":"L Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Yu G, Ji X, et al. Associations of six insulin resistance-related indices with the risk and progression of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: evidence from the UK biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02928-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02693-w","volume":"24","author":"H Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang H, Huang J, Zhang X, et al. Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and the trajectory of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: insights from multi-state modelling. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02693-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3351_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01220-4","volume":"23","author":"NWS Chew","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chew NWS, Mehta A, Goh R, et al. The global cardiovascular\u2013liver\u2013metabolic syndemic: epidemiology, trends and challenges. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2026;23(4):219\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-025-01220-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"3351_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03201-4","author":"C Sun","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sun C, Li H, Zhou K, et al. Associations of nine insulin resistance-related indices with the incidence and progression of cardiovascular-liver-metabolic multimorbidity: a large prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03201-4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070535","volume":"151","author":"NWS Chew","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chew NWS, Mehta A, Goh RSJ, et al. Cardiovascular-liver-metabolic health: recommendations in screening, diagnosis, and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in cardiovascular disease via modified Delphi approach. Circulation. 2025;151(1):98\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070535.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02576-0","volume":"24","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, Tu Z, Liu S, et al. Association of different insulin resistance surrogates with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among the population with cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02576-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3351_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","volume":"116","author":"SE Shoelson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI29069.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"3351_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303215","volume":"114","author":"PM Ridker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ridker PM. Inflammation, C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2014;114(4):594\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303215.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02869-4","volume":"24","author":"X Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma X, Ma X, Wang Y, et al. Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index with incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02869-4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3351_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264","volume":"126","author":"JP Despr\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Despr\u00e9s JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03065-0","volume":"25","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Yang J, Hou J, et al. The predictive value of C-reactive protein-triglycerides-glucose index-waist-to-height ratio for stroke: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-03065-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02290-3","volume":"23","author":"X Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia X, Chen S, Tian X, et al. Association of triglyceride-glucose index and its related parameters with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: evidence from a 15-year follow-up of Kailuan cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02290-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3351_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104726","author":"L D\u2019Elia","year":"2026","unstructured":"D\u2019Elia L, Galletti F, Virdis A, et al. Triglyceride\u2013glucose index and its derived anthropometric indices: a comparative analysis for mortality prediction in the population cohort of the URRAH study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104726.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"3351_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03228-7","author":"W Lai","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lai W, Zhou Y, Xiao L, et al. Association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose related indices and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03228-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3351_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03229-6","author":"P Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang P, Zheng Z, Wang S, et al. Composite C-reactive protein\u2013triglyceride\u2013glucose\u2013adiposity indices and incident cardiovascular disease in the CHARLS cohort: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03229-6.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, et al. Cohort profile: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys203.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02642-7","volume":"24","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang P, Mo D, Zeng W, et al. Association between triglyceride-glucose related indices and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among the population with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0\u20133: a cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02642-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82881-y","volume":"14","author":"L Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu L, Huang Z. Elevated triglyceride glucose index is associated with advanced cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):31352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82881-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3351_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.905266","author":"GT Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan GT, Xie HL, Zhang HY, et al. A novel inflammation and insulin resistance related indicator to predict the survival of patients with cancer. Front Endocrinol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.905266.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35073-4","volume":"8","author":"Y Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park Y, Kim NH, Kwon TY, et al. A novel adiposity index as an integrated predictor of cardiometabolic disease morbidity and mortality. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-35073-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3351_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20408","volume":"21","author":"DM Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas DM, Bredlau C, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model: Body Roundness with Body Fat & Visceral Adipose Tissue. Obesity. 2013;21(11):2264\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20408.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03171-7","volume":"25","author":"J Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang J, Tu G, Tao Q, et al. The prognostic significance of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and glucose (CHG) index in evaluating all-cause mortality risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) individuals: evidence from two cohort studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03171-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0206-2","volume":"14","author":"H Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai H, Wang W, Chen R, et al. Lipid accumulation product is a powerful tool to predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-017-0206-2.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3351_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13001","volume":"13","author":"P Charatcharoenwitthaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Karaketklang K, Aekplakorn W. Muscle strength, but not body mass index, is associated with mortality in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(5):2393\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13001.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"05","key":"3351_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501113-20250305-00073","volume":"33","author":"L Jie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jie L, Junping S, Jiangao F. Guideline for diagnosis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in primary care (2025). Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2025;33(05):422\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn501113-20250305-00073.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03119-x","volume":"25","author":"XF Jin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jin XF, Su ZJ, Zhong JF, et al. Association of the C-reactive protein\u2013triglyceride\u2013glucose index with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: evidence from two nationwide prospective cohort studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03119-x.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3351_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin XL, Zhang QW, Chen GF, et al. Global, regional, and national trends in metabolic risk factor-associated mortality among the working-age population from 1990\u20132019: An age-period-cohort analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Metab Clin Exp. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155954"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02371-3","volume":"23","author":"R Minutolo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minutolo R, Simeon V, De Nicola L, et al. Sex-difference of multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular and mortality risk in DKD: post-hoc analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02371-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3351_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.107496","volume":"34","author":"O Mansour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansour O, Golden SH, Yeh HC. Disparities in mortality among adults with and without diabetes by sex and race. J Diabetes Complications. 2020;34(3):107496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.107496.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"12","key":"3351_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2449855","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.49855","volume":"7","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, Howard SP, Rogers CR, et al. Allostatic load, educational attainment, and risk of cancer mortality among US men. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(12):e2449855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.49855.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18854-1","volume":"8","author":"Z Gu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu Z, Li D, He H, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio for prediction of multiple metabolic risk factors in Chinese elderly population. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18854-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3351_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2002.00065.x","volume":"3","author":"P Deurenberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deurenberg P, Deurenberg\u2010Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index\/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev. 2002;3(3):141\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2002.00065.x.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-26060-2","volume":"26","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Liu Z, Si D, et al. Comparative predictive values of anthropometric indices for cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective study from the CHARLS study. BMC Public Health. 2025;26(1):333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-26060-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0075-1","volume":"15","author":"FL Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wright FL, Green J, Reeves G, et al. Validity over time of self-reported anthropometric variables during follow-up of a large cohort of UK women. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15(1):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-015-0075-1.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3351_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.012","volume":"50","author":"FG Hage","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hage FG, Szalai AJ. C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms, C-reactive protein blood levels, and cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(12):1115\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.012.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02842-1","volume":"24","author":"K Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu K, Hu J, Huang Y, et al. Triglyceride-glucose-related indices and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in individuals with cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic (CKM) syndrome stages 0\u20133: a prospective cohort study of 282,920 participants in the UK Biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02842-1.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02662-3","volume":"24","author":"J Hong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hong J, Zhang R, Tang H, et al. Comparison of triglyceride glucose index and modified triglyceride glucose indices in predicting cardiovascular diseases incidence among populations with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0\u20133: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02662-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03084-5","volume":"25","author":"SS Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han SS, Liu Q, Zeng ZM, et al. Association of various insulin resistance surrogate indices with aging acceleration and future risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0\u20133: insights from CHARLS 2011\u20132020 data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;25(1):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03084-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10184-x","volume":"15","author":"N Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang N, Chen X, Li H, et al. Association of C reactive protein triglyceride glucose index with mortality in coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes from NHANES data. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):24687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-10184-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3351_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03238-5","author":"C Yue","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yue C, Wang X, Li Y, et al. Association of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose (CTI) index and its central obesity-modified derivatives with incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity: results from two prospective cohorts in China and England. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03238-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03174-4","volume":"25","author":"L Yuan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yuan L, Zhao Z, Peng H, et al. Associations between the C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index and the incidence and progression trajectory of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a multi-state model study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026;25(1):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03174-4.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"3351_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03225-w","author":"Q He","year":"2026","unstructured":"He Q, Sun M, Yao J, et al. Associations of the atherogenic index of plasma and its modified indices with the incidence and progression of cardiovascular-liver-metabolic multimorbidity: a prospective cohort study from UK Biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03225-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02902-6","volume":"24","author":"X Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng X, Zhang W, Yang F, et al. Evaluative performance of TyG-ABSI versus traditional indices in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from the U.S. NHANES. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-025-02902-6.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9","volume":"23","author":"K Dang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dang K, Wang X, Hu J, et al. The association between triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indicators and cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2003\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2003;23(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"7121","key":"3351_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","volume":"444","author":"G Hotamisligil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotamisligil G. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05485.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"3351_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90","volume":"13","author":"SM Reilly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reilly SM, Saltiel AR. Adapting to obesity with adipose tissue inflammation. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(11):633\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3351_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02201-5","volume":"47","author":"Y Weyman-Vela","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weyman-Vela Y, Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE. The triglycerides and glucose index is more strongly associated with metabolically healthy obesity phenotype than the lipid and obesity indices. J Endocrinol Invest. 2024;47(4):865\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-023-02201-5.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3351_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010535","volume":"27","author":"P Karakasis","year":"2026","unstructured":"Karakasis P, Stachteas P, Iliakis P, et al. Inflammation and resolution in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(1):535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27010535.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3351_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw277","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2016","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. Explanation in causal inference: developments in mediation and interaction. Int J Epidemiol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw277.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Diabetology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:16:04Z","timestamp":1787922964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-026-03351-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study was conducted in strict adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"264"}}