{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T20:28:55Z","timestamp":1782160135489,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microb Cell Fact"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cellular lipid membranes serve as the primary barrier preventing viral\n                infection of the host cell and provide viruses with a critical initial point of\n                contact. Occasionally, viruses can utilize lipids as viral receptors. Viruses depend\n                significantly on lipid rafts for infection at virtually every stage of their life\n                cycle. The pivotal role that proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9)\n                plays in cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis, primarily by\n                post-transcriptionally regulating hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)\n                and promoting its lysosomal degradation, has garnered increasing interest.\n                Conversely, using therapeutic, fully humanized antibodies to block PCSK9 leads to a\n                significant reduction in high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The Food and Drug\n                Administration (FDA) has approved PCSK9 inhibitors, including inclisiran\n                (Leqvio\u00ae), alirocumab (Praluent), and evolocumab (Repatha). At present,\n                active immunization strategies targeting PCSK9 present a compelling substitute for\n                passive immunization through the administration of antibodies. In addition to the\n                current inquiry into the potential therapeutic application of PCSK9 inhibition in\n                human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients for hyperlipidemia associated\n                with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART), preclinical research suggests that PCSK9\n                may also play a role in inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Furthermore,\n                PCSK9 inhibition has been suggested to protect against dengue virus (DENV)\n                potentially and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\n                viruses. Recent evidence regarding the impact of PCSK9 on a variety of viral\n                infections, including HCV, HIV, DENV, and SARS-CoV-2, is examined in this article.\n                As a result, PCSK9 inhibitors and vaccines may serve as viable host therapies for\n                viral infections, as our research indicates that PCSK9 is significantly involved in\n                the pathogenesis of viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract: the function of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin\n                    type 9 (PCSK9) in reducing cholesterol uptake and low-density lipoprotein\n                    receptor (LDLR) recycling in various viral infections, including hepatitis C\n                    virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), rift\n                    valley fever (RVF), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\n                    (SARS-CoV-2) is summarized in this figure<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1711364530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["RETRACTED ARTICLE: Potential use of\n            proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition and prevention method\n            in viral infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Khursheed","family":"Muzammil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hosseini","family":"Hooshiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Varmazyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thabit Moath","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal Morad","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadeq","family":"Aadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaylan","family":"Kalavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Yasamineh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuaa066","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa066","volume":"45","author":"EA Monson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monson EA, et al. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral\n                    infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev.\n                    2021;45(4):fuaa066.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti RS et al. Variability of cholesterol accessibility in\n                    human red blood cells measured using a bacterial cholesterol-binding toxin.\n                    2017. 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23355"},{"key":"2355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Ballester M et al. Impact Cholesterol Metabolism Immune\n                    Cell Function Atherosclerosis 2020. 12(7).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072021"},{"key":"2355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0105secka A, Rogula S. LDL-Cholesterol Platelets: Insights\n                    into Their Interact Atherosclerosis 2021. 11(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010039"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3793","volume":"15","author":"AR Tall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L. Cholesterol, inflammation and innate\n                    immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(2):104\u201316.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.03.007","volume":"19","author":"NS Heaton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heaton NS, Randall G. Multifaceted roles for lipids in viral\n                    infection. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19(7):368\u201375.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103544","volume":"21","author":"M Abu-Farha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu-Farha M, et al. The role of lipid metabolism in COVID-19 virus\n                    infection and as a drug target. Int J Mol Sci.\n                    2020;21(10):3544.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750544","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.750544","volume":"12","author":"M Glitscher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glitscher M, Hildt E. Endosomal cholesterol in viral\n                    infections\u2013a common denominator? Front Physiol.\n                    2021;12:750544.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01250-w","volume":"21","author":"X Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng X, et al. The roles of different microRNAs in the regulation\n                    of cholesterol in viral hepatitis. Cell Communication Signal.\n                    2023;21(1):231.","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signal"},{"issue":"23","key":"2355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12543","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.23.12543-12551.2003","volume":"77","author":"X Sun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun X, Whittaker GR. Role for influenza virus envelope cholesterol\n                    in virus entry and infection. J Virol.\n                    2003;77(23):12543\u201351.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01196","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi","volume":"92","author":"IK Stoeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoeck IK, et al. Hepatitis C virus replication depends on\n                    endosomal cholesterol homeostasis. J Virol. 2018;92(1):01196\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791267","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.791267","volume":"13","author":"J Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai J, et al. Coronavirus infection and cholesterol metabolism.\n                    Front Immunol. 2022;13:791267.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114106","volume":"158","author":"Q Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Q, et al. PCSK9: a emerging participant in heart failure. Biomed\n                    Pharmacother. 2023;158:114106.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang H-D et al. Cyclase-associated protein\n                        1 is a binding partner of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type-9 and\n                        is required for the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors by\n                        proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type-9 European heart\n                    journal, 2020. 41(2): p. 239\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz566"},{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708098200","volume":"283","author":"S Poirier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poirier S, et al. The proprotein convertase PCSK9 induces the\n                    degradation of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and its closest family\n                    members VLDLR and ApoER2. J Biol Chem.\n                    2008;283(4):2363\u201372.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064145","volume":"8","author":"M Canuel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Canuel M, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9\n                    (PCSK9) can mediate degradation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related\n                    protein 1 (LRP-1). PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e64145.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"2355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115880","volume":"22","author":"C Barale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barale C, et al. PCSK9 biology and its role in atherothrombosis.\n                    Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5880.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0107-8","volume":"16","author":"MS Sabatine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabatine MS. PCSK9 inhibitors: clinical evidence and\n                    implementation. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2019;16(3):155\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051397","volume":"15","author":"V Quagliariello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quagliariello V, et al. PCSK9 inhibitors in Cancer patients treated\n                    with Immune-Checkpoint inhibitors to Reduce Cardiovascular events: New frontiers\n                    in Cardioncology. Cancers. 2023;15(5):1397.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"6","key":"2355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210714160343","volume":"29","author":"L Magnasco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magnasco L, et al. The role of PCSK9 in Infectious diseases. Curr\n                    Med Chem. 2022;29(6):1000\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz003","volume":"115","author":"NG Seidah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seidah NG, et al. Novel strategies to target proprotein convertase\n                    subtilisin kexin 9: beyond monoclonal antibodies. Cardiovascular Res.\n                    2019;115(3):510\u20138.","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.04.016","volume":"191","author":"C Macchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macchi C, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9: a\n                    view beyond the canonical cholesterol-lowering impact. Am J Pathol.\n                    2021;191(8):1385\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283587563","volume":"23","author":"DA Marais","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marais DA, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9\n                    inhibition. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2012;23(6):511\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016080","volume":"132","author":"N Bergeron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bergeron N, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9\n                    inhibition: a new therapeutic mechanism for reducing cardiovascular disease\n                    risk. Circulation. 2015;132(17):1648\u201366.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2355_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasamineh S et al. Potential Use of the\n                        Cholesterol Transfer Inhibitor U18666A as a Potent Research Tool for the\n                        Study of Cholesterol Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Disorders\n                    Molecular Neurobiology, 2023: p. 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03798-7"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)31595-9","volume":"42","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, et al. Golgi localization and phosphorylation of\n                    oxysterol binding protein in Niemann-pick C and U18666A-treated cells. J Lipid\n                    Res. 2001;42(7):1062\u201371.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"6257","key":"2355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/343425a0","volume":"343","author":"JL Goldstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway.\n                    Nature. 1990;343(6257):425\u201330.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2355_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrantes FJ. The constellation of cholesterol-dependent processes\n                    associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prog Lipid Res, 2022: p.\n                    101166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101166"},{"key":"2355_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radenkovic D et al. Cholesterol in relation\n                        to COVID-19: should we care about it? Journal of clinical\n                    medicine, 2020. 9(6): p. 1909.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061909"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR30","first-page":"161","volume":"91","author":"M Baglivo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baglivo M, et al. Natural small molecules as inhibitors of\n                    coronavirus lipid-dependent attachment to host cells: a possible strategy for\n                    reducing SARS-COV-2 infectivity? Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis.\n                    2020;91(1):161.","journal-title":"Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis"},{"key":"2355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assefi M et al. Potential use of the\n                        cholesterol transfer inhibitor U18666A as an antiviral drug for research on\n                        various viral infections Microbial pathogenesis, 2023: p.\n                    106096.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106096"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002385","volume":"34","author":"D Sviridov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sviridov D, et al. Comorbidities of HIV infection: role of\n                    Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality.\n                    AIDS. 2020;34(1):1.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/v5051292","volume":"5","author":"DJ Felmlee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Felmlee DJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus, cholesterol and\n                    lipoproteins\u2014impact for the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of liver\n                    disease. Viruses. 2013;5(5):1292\u2013324.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"2355_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2011.00838.x","volume":"41","author":"A Honda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Honda A, Matsuzaki Y. Cholesterol and chronic hepatitis C virus\n                    infection. Hepatol Res. 2011;41(8):697\u2013710.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E416","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00091.2007","volume":"293","author":"J-M Petit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petit J-M, et al. Cell surface expression of LDL receptor in\n                    chronic hepatitis C: correlation with viral load. Am J Physiology-Endocrinology\n                    Metabolism. 2007;293(1):E416\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"2355_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Luo G. Human low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an\n                    important role in hepatitis B virus infection. 2021. 17(7): p.\n                    e1009722.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009722"},{"key":"2355_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uppal S, Postnikova O, Villasmil R. Low-density lipoprotein\n                    receptor (LDLR) is involved in internalization of lentiviral particles\n                    pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in ocular cells. 2023.\n                    24(14).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411860"},{"key":"2355_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05977-0","volume":"21","author":"SM Kinoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kinoo SM, et al. Hepatic expression of cholesterol regulating genes\n                    favour increased circulating low-density lipoprotein in HIV infected patients\n                    with gallstone disease: a preliminary study. BMC Infect Dis.\n                    2021;21:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.00989.x","volume":"32","author":"J Petit","year":"2002","unstructured":"Petit J, et al. LDL-receptors expression in HIV\u2010infected\n                    patients: relations to antiretroviral therapy, hormonal status, and presence of\n                    lipodystrophy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(5):354\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.04.003","volume":"442","author":"R Soto-Acosta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soto-Acosta R, et al. The increase in cholesterol levels at early\n                    stages after dengue virus infection correlates with an augment in LDL particle\n                    uptake and HMG-CoA reductase activity. Virology.\n                    2013;442(2):132\u201347.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2355_CR41","unstructured":"Xu Z-S et al. LDLR is an entry receptor for Crimean-Congo\n                    hemorrhagic fever virus. Cell Res, 2024: p. 1\u201311."},{"key":"2355_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00388","volume":"8","author":"JF Osuna-Ramos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osuna-Ramos JF, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Del RM, \u00c1ngel. The role of\n                    host cholesterol during Flavivirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol.\n                    2018;8:388.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2355_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106916","volume":"26","author":"Q-C Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Q-C, et al. Targeting PCSK9 reduces cancer cell stemness and\n                    enhances antitumor immunity in head and neck cancer. Iscience.\n                    2023;26(6):106916.","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"2355_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142428","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1142428","volume":"14","author":"X Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao X, et al. PCSK9 regulates the efficacy of immune checkpoint\n                    therapy in lung cancer. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1142428.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2355_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111758","volume":"140","author":"K Mahboobnia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahboobnia K, et al. PCSK9 and cancer: rethinking the link. Biomed\n                    Pharmacother. 2021;140:111758.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2355_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidah NG. The PCSK9 discovery, an inactive protease with varied\n                    functions in hypercholesterolemia, viral infections, and cancer. J Lipid Res,\n                    2021. 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100130"},{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26040","volume":"233","author":"F Khademi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khademi F, et al. PCSK9 and infection: a potentially useful or\n                    dangerous association? J Cell Physiol.\n                    2018;233(4):2920\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22911","volume":"50","author":"P Labont\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Labont\u00e9 P, et al. PCSK9 impedes hepatitis C virus\n                    infectionin vitroand modulates liver CD81 expression. Hepatology.\n                    2009;50(1):17\u201324.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2355_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.7191","volume":"17","author":"K Gonz\u00e1lez-Aldaco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Aldaco K, et al. Immunometabolic effect of\n                    cholesterol in hepatitis C infection: implications in clinical management and\n                    antiviral therapy. Ann Hepatol. 2018;17(6):908\u201319.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"2355_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110452","volume":"146","author":"F Barkas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barkas F, et al. Statins and PCSK9 inhibitors: what is their role\n                    in coronavirus disease 2019? Med Hypotheses. 2021;146:110452.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2355_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.10.030","volume":"81","author":"EP Navarese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navarese EP, et al. PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage\n                    of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Am Coll Cardiol.\n                    2023;81(3):224\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020360","volume":"15","author":"R Essalmani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Essalmani R, et al. SKI-1\/S1P facilitates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Induced\n                    Cell-to-cell Fusion via activation of SREBP-2 and Metalloproteases, whereas\n                    PCSK9 enhances the degradation of ACE2. Viruses.\n                    2023;15(2):360.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071511","volume":"15","author":"P Mester","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mester P, et al. Plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin\/Kexin type\n                    9 (PCSK9) as a possible biomarker for severe COVID-19. Viruses.\n                    2023;15(7):1511.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"2355_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137536","volume":"130","author":"ES Gan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gan ES, et al. Dengue virus induces PCSK9 expression to alter\n                    antiviral responses and disease outcomes. J Clin Invest.\n                    2020;130(10):5223\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.020","volume":"40","author":"EL Campbell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell EL, et al. Transmigrating neutrophils shape the mucosal\n                    microenvironment through localized oxygen depletion to influence resolution of\n                    inflammation. Immunity. 2014;40(1):66\u201377.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"2355_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00213","volume":"14","author":"SM Gordon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordon SM, et al. A comparison of the mouse and human lipoproteome:\n                    suitability of the mouse model for studies of human lipoproteins. J Proteome\n                    Res. 2015;14(6):2686\u201395.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2355_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37904-9","volume":"24","author":"M Camus","year":"1983","unstructured":"Camus M, et al. Distribution and characterization of the serum\n                    lipoproteins and apoproteins in the mouse, Mus musculus. J Lipid Res.\n                    1983;24(9):1210\u201328.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2355_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137536","volume":"130","author":"ES Gan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gan ES, et al. Dengue virus induces PCSK9 expression to alter\n                    antiviral responses and disease outcomes. J Clin Investig.\n                    2020;130(10):5223\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"20","key":"2355_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.001","volume":"184","author":"SS Ganaie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ganaie SS, et al. Lrp1 is a host entry factor for Rift Valley fever\n                    virus. Cell. 2021;184(20):5163\u201378. e24.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"2355_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.11.006","volume":"13","author":"S Poirier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poirier S, et al. GRP94 regulates circulating cholesterol levels\n                    through blockade of PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. Cell Rep.\n                    2015;13(10):2064\u201371.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"2355_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001648","volume":"31","author":"MH Kuniholm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuniholm MH, et al. Association of a 3\u2019 untranslated region\n                    polymorphism in proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 with HIV viral\n                    load and CD4\u2009+\u2009levels in HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfected\n                    women. Aids. 2017;31(18):2483\u201392.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000010","volume":"109","author":"S Sekaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sekaran S, Sekar SKR. Repurposing cholesterol lowering drugs in the\n                    treatment and management of monkeypox. Int J Surg.\n                    2023;109(1):60\u20131.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"2355_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadh MJ et al. Progress and prospects on\n                        vaccine development against Monkeypox Infection Microbial\n                    Pathogenesis, 2023: p. 106156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106156"},{"key":"2355_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanni MV, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin 9 levels in\n                    relation to systemic immune activation and subclinical coronary plaque in HIV.\n                    Open forum infectious diseases. Oxford University Press US;\n                    2017.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx227"},{"issue":"11","key":"2355_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.06.002","volume":"21","author":"G Tibolla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tibolla G, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9\n                    (PCSK9): from structure\u2013function relation to therapeutic inhibition. Nutr\n                    Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(11):835\u201343.","journal-title":"Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.195906","volume":"7","author":"F Mazhar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazhar F, Haider N. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9\n                    enzyme inhibitors: an emerging new therapeutic option for the treatment of\n                    dyslipidemia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother.\n                    2016;7(4):190\u20133.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"2355_CR67","first-page":"745","volume":"77","author":"A Scheen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scheen A, Wallemacq C, Lancellotti P. Inclisiran (Leqvio\u00ae),\n                    a potent cholesterol-lowering agent by inhibiting PCSK9 using small interfering\n                    RNA-based innovative therapy. Rev Med Liege.\n                    2022;77(12):745\u201351.","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"key":"2355_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595819","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.595819","volume":"11","author":"JL Katzmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katzmann JL, Gouni-Berthold I, Laufs U. PCSK9 inhibition: insights\n                    from clinical trials and future prospects. Front Physiol.\n                    2020;11:595819.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2355_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2023.14","volume":"18","author":"R Rikhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rikhi R, Shapiro MD. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin\/Kexin type 9\n                    inhibition: the Big Step Forward in lipid control. Eur Cardiol.\n                    2023;18:e45.","journal-title":"Eur Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.10.016","volume":"27","author":"M Khoshnejad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khoshnejad M, et al. Development of novel DNA-Encoded PCSK9\n                    monoclonal antibodies as lipid-lowering therapeutics. Mol Ther.\n                    2019;27(1):188\u201399.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2355_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102480","volume":"40","author":"TA Salaheldin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salaheldin TA, et al. Novel oral nano-hepatic targeted anti-PCSK9\n                    in hypercholesterolemia. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med.\n                    2022;40:102480.","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"issue":"31","key":"2355_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666181010144823","volume":"24","author":"AN Tsouka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsouka AN, Tellis CC, Tselepis AD. Pharmacology of PCSK9\n                    inhibitors: current status and future perspectives. Curr Pharm Design.\n                    2018;24(31):3622\u201333.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063372","volume":"148","author":"DG Johns","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johns DG, et al. Orally bioavailable macrocyclic peptide that\n                    inhibits binding of PCSK9 to the low density lipoprotein receptor. Circulation.\n                    2023;148(2):144\u201358.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2355_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-006-0759-0","volume":"31","author":"CW Rittershaus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rittershaus CW. Vaccines for cholesterol management. World J Surg.\n                    2007;31:690\u20134.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2355_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100014","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202100014","volume":"4","author":"OA Ortega-Rivera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ortega-Rivera OA, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. A single\u2010dose,\n                    implant\u2010based, trivalent virus\u2010like particle vaccine against\n                    cholesterol checkpoint proteins. Adv Ther. 2021;4(8):2100014.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2355_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105222","volume":"161","author":"N Maarouf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maarouf N, et al. Unlike estrogens that increase PCSK9 levels\n                    post-menopause HSP27 vaccination lowers cholesterol levels and atherogenesis due\n                    to divergent effects on PCSK9 and LDLR. Pharmacol Res.\n                    2020;161:105222.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2355_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114469","volume":"9","author":"G Galabova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galabova G, et al. Peptide-based anti-PCSK9 vaccines-an approach\n                    for long-term LDLc management. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114469.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2355_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahebkar A, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Banach M. PCSK9 vaccine: so near,\n                    yet so far! Oxford University Press; 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4757170"},{"issue":"43","key":"2355_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.044","volume":"33","author":"E Crossey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crossey E, et al. A cholesterol-lowering VLP vaccine that targets\n                    PCSK9. Vaccine. 2015;33(43):5747\u201355.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010002","volume":"11","author":"L Goks\u00f8yr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goks\u00f8yr L, et al. A cVLP-Based vaccine displaying\n                    full-length PCSK9 elicits a higher reduction in plasma PCSK9 than similar\n                    peptide-based cVLP vaccines. Vaccines. 2022;11(1):2.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"8","key":"2355_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-00933-4","volume":"39","author":"T Rothgangl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rothgangl T, et al. In vivo adenine base editing of PCSK9 in\n                    macaques reduces LDL cholesterol levels. Nat Biotechnol.\n                    2021;39(8):949\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2355_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604304","volume":"375","author":"BA Ference","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ference BA, et al. Variation in PCSK9 and HMGCR and risk of\n                    cardiovascular disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med.\n                    2016;375(22):2144\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2355_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1457-8","volume":"17","author":"AA Momtazi-Borojeni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Momtazi-Borojeni AA, et al. Therapeutic effect of nanoliposomal\n                    PCSK9 vaccine in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. BMC Med.\n                    2019;17:1\u201315.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2355_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler A et al. A Virus-like particle-based\n                        bivalent PCSK9 vaccine lowers LDL-cholesterol levels in Non-Human\n                        Primates bioRxiv, 2023: p. 2023.05. 15.540560.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.15.540560"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01376-x","volume":"21","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad I, et al. An overview of the role of Niemann-pick C1 (NPC1)\n                    in viral infections and inhibition of viral infections through NPC1 inhibitor.\n                    Cell Communication Signal. 2023;21(1):352.","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signal"},{"issue":"14","key":"2355_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7856-7862.2003","volume":"77","author":"K Stiasny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stiasny K, Koessl C, Heinz FX. Involvement of lipids in different\n                    steps of the flavivirus fusion mechanism. J Virol.\n                    2003;77(14):7856\u201362.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2355_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.025","volume":"389","author":"C Rothwell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rothwell C, et al. Cholesterol biosynthesis modulation regulates\n                    dengue viral replication. Virology.\n                    2009;389(1\u20132):8\u201319.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03316-5","volume":"7","author":"S Wichit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wichit S, et al. Imipramine inhibits Chikungunya virus replication\n                    in human skin fibroblasts through interference with intracellular cholesterol\n                    trafficking. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3145.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000987","volume":"99","author":"Z Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu Q. Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibits\n                    hepatitis C virus replication through interacting with NS5A. J Gen Virol.\n                    2018;99(1):44\u201361.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071465","volume":"15","author":"JF Osuna-Ramos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osuna-Ramos JF, et al. Cholesterol-lowering drugs as potential\n                    antivirals: a Repurposing Approach against Flavivirus infections. Viruses.\n                    2023;15(7):1465.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2355_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5519","volume":"14","author":"OL Bryan\u2013Marrugo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bryan\u2013Marrugo OL, et al. The anti\u2013dengue virus\n                    properties of statins may be associated with alterations in the cellular\n                    antiviral profile expression. Mol Med Rep.\n                    2016;14(3):2155\u201363.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000321892","volume":"54","author":"M Mart\u00ednez-Gutierrez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gutierrez M, Castellanos JE, Gallego-G\u00f3mez\n                    JC. Statins reduce dengue virus production via decreased virion assembly.\n                    Intervirology. 2011;54(4):202\u201316.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087412","volume":"9","author":"M Martinez-Gutierrez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez-Gutierrez M, et al. Lovastatin delays infection and\n                    increases survival rates in AG129 mice infected with dengue virus serotype 2.\n                    PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87412.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2355_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ949","volume":"62","author":"J Whitehorn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitehorn J, et al. Lovastatin for the treatment of adult patients\n                    with dengue: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect\n                    Dis. 2016;62(4):468\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2355_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu C et al. PCSK9 Inhibition: From Current\n                        Advances to Evolving Future 2022. 11(19).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192972"},{"issue":"15","key":"2355_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155082","volume":"12","author":"F Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed F, Mansfield B, Raal FJ. Targeting PCSK9 and Beyond for the\n                    management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Clin Med.\n                    2023;12(15):5082.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2355_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016263","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016263","volume":"9","author":"TM Leucker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leucker TM, et al. Evolocumab, a PCSK9-monoclonal antibody, rapidly\n                    reverses coronary artery endothelial dysfunction in people living with HIV and\n                    people with dyslipidemia. J Am Heart Association.\n                    2020;9(14):e016263.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Association"},{"key":"2355_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slavin SD, et al. Influenza vaccination and use of lipid lowering\n                    therapies in adults with atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: an analysis of\n                    the behavioral risk factor Surveillance System (BRFSS): influenza vaccination\n                    and cholesterol medication use. American Heart Journal; 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2023.11.007"},{"key":"2355_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotler T, \u0160ebe\u0161tjen M. PCSK9\n                        as an Atherothrombotic Risk Factor International Journal of\n                    Molecular Sciences, 2023. 24(3): p. 1966.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031966"},{"issue":"593","key":"2355_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe9117","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe9117","volume":"13","author":"P Gennemark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gennemark P, et al. An oral antisense oligonucleotide for PCSK9\n                    inhibition. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(593):eabe9117.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03316-5","volume":"7","author":"S Wichit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wichit S, et al. Imipramine inhibits Chikungunya virus replication\n                    in human skin fibroblasts through interference with intracellular cholesterol\n                    trafficking. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071539","volume":"14","author":"B Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song B. The Cholesterol Transport Inhibitor U18666A Interferes with\n                    Pseudorabies Virus infection. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1539.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2355_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-1929-y","volume":"65","author":"G Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li G, et al. NPC1-regulated dynamic of clathrin-coated pits is\n                    essential for viral entry. Sci China Life Sci.\n                    2022;65(2):341\u201361.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2355_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.05.019","volume":"95","author":"S Chapuy-Regaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chapuy-Regaud S, et al. Progesterone and a phospholipase inhibitor\n                    increase the endosomal bis (monoacylglycero) phosphate content and block HIV\n                    viral particle intercellular transmission. Biochimie.\n                    2013;95(9):1677\u201388.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2020598","volume":"11","author":"S Kummer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kummer S, et al. Pharmacologically induced endolysosomal\n                    cholesterol imbalance through clinically licensed drugs itraconazole and\n                    fluoxetine impairs Ebola virus infection in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infections.\n                    2022;11(1):195\u2013207.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infections"},{"key":"2355_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.07.022","volume":"145","author":"T Takano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takano T, et al. The cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A\n                    inhibits type I feline coronavirus infection. Antiviral Res.\n                    2017;145:96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"2355_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11181","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01053-16","volume":"90","author":"F Elgner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elgner F, et al. The intracellular cholesterol transport inhibitor\n                    U18666A inhibits the exosome-dependent release of mature hepatitis C virus. J\n                    Virol. 2016;90(24):11181\u201396.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2355_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009722","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Luo G. Human low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an\n                    important role in hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS Pathog.\n                    2021;17(7):e1009722.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"18","key":"2355_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214441110","volume":"110","author":"D Finkelshtein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finkelshtein D, et al. LDL receptor and its family members serve as\n                    the cellular receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci.\n                    2013;110(18):7306\u201311.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2355_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T, Koh GCH, Car J. Covid-19: a remote assessment in\n                    primary care. BMJ, 2020. 368.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1182"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.08.003","volume":"16","author":"A Vuorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Raal F, Kovanen PT. Monkeypox is a global public health\n                    emergency: the role of repurposing cholesterol lowering drugs not to be\n                    forgotten. J Clin Lipidol. 2022;16(5):757\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2355_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-102801","volume":"141","author":"K Richter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richter K, et al. [PCSK9 inhibitors - the magic bullet for LDL\n                    cholesterol reduction?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr.\n                    2016;141(12):863\u20139.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01690-3","volume":"9","author":"X Bao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bao X, et al. Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type\n                    9 (PCSK9): from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Therapy.\n                    2024;9(1):13.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2355_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2095667","volume":"54","author":"A Vuorio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Brinck J, Kovanen PT. Continuation of fibrate therapy in\n                    patients with metabolic syndrome and COVID-19: a beneficial regime worth\n                    pursuing. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1952\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2355_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13210","volume":"289","author":"A Vuorio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Kovanen P. PCSK9 inhibitors for COVID-19: an opportunity\n                    to enhance the antiviral action of interferon in patients with\n                    hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med. 2021;289(5):749.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02594-9","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"record-id":"68066"},{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02594-9","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000}}],"container-title":["Microbial Cell Factories"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T14:04:22Z","timestamp":1732543462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02355-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2859","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02594-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02594-9","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All of author are consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"90"}}