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Immobilization of <jats:italic>Paenibacillus polymyxa<\/jats:italic> has been proposed to improve the cell stability and efficiency of the fermentation process, reduce contamination and provide easy separation of butanediol in the culture broth as compared to conventional bioprocesses. This research aimed to explore the potential of <jats:italic>Paenibacillus polymyxa<\/jats:italic> with immobilization technique to produce 2,3-butanediol.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We investigated different immobilization methods with natural biopolymers like alginate, chitosan and carrageenan-chitosan-based immobilization. These methods were further investigated for their immobilization efficiency and yield in 2,3-butanediol production. Carrageenan-chitosan beads enabled a higher cell concentration and demonstrated superior cell retention to calcium-alginate-chitosan beads. Carrageenan-chitosan immobilization preserved 2,3-butanediol production in bacteria and increased the product formation rate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Carrageenan-chitosan immobilization enables non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Paenibacillus polymyxa<\/jats:italic> to be a capable 2,3-butanediol producer with increased product formation rate, which has not been previously reported. This novel strategy offers promising alternative to traditional fermentation processes using pathogenic strains and can be further applied in co-cultivations for metabolite production, wastewater management and bioremediation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02633-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T13:14:42Z","timestamp":1736514882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immobilization of Paenibacillus polymyxa with biopolymers to enhance the production of 2,3-butanediol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jnanada","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Vanessa","family":"Langwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2161-x","volume":"32","author":"AM Bialkowska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bialkowska AM. 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As part of her doctoral research, JJ developed scalable, carbon-neutral fermentation processes with innovative co-cultivation bioprocesses for biofuel applications. SVL was also affiliated as a Postdoc with the working group \u201cFermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals\u201d at the University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld (HSBI). OK is a Full Professor at the Department of Biology of Bielefeld University and the Scientific Director of the Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec). OK leads the Algae Biotechnology Group, focusing on the molecular biology and synthetic biology of microalgae for biotechnological applications. AP is a Full Professor and Vice President for Research and Development at the University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld (HSBI). AP leads the Working Group \u201cFermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals\u201d focusing on various aspects of biotechnology including immobilization projects, fermentation processes and the development of bioproducts for agricultural applications.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author information"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}