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Unlike chemical and physical methods, biogenic synthesis offers a greener and more eco-friendly alternative. This study explores the synthesis of zinc-based nanoparticles using two distinct bacterial strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, zinc nanoparticles were synthesized in two forms: single-phase zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) and mixed-phase zinc sulfide-oxide nanoparticles (ZnS-ZnO NPs), using\n                      <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S4 and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S6. The synthesis conditions were optimized for each strain, with pH playing a crucial role:\n                      <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S4 favored basic conditions (pH 8.0) for zinc nanoparticles production, while\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S6 preferred acidic conditions (pH 4.7). TEM analysis revealed that Zn NPs from\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S6 were rod-shaped, whereas those from\n                      <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. S4 were spherical. Further characterization using EDX, XRD, and FTIR confirmed the successful synthesis of single phase ZnS NPs and hybride phase ZnS-ZnO NPs. Antimicrobial dose-response testing showed that single-phase ZnS NPs inhibited\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while mixed-phase ZnS-ZnO NPs were effective against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 100\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml based on inhibition zone measurements.Furthermore, the mixed-phase ZnS-ZnO NPs at 25\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml demonstrated superior inhibition of microbial growth in sludge samples, likely due to a synergistic effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates the successful biogenic synthesis of ZnS NPs, and ZnS-ZnO NPs using two bacterial strains, with distinct morphological and functional properties. The use of two bacterial species was to assess strain-specific differences in nanoparticle synthesis and performance. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited promising antimicrobial and environmental remediation potential, highlighting their applicability in both biomedical and environmental fields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02788-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T02:51:43Z","timestamp":1752807103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biogenic Zinc nanoparticles: green approach to synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Myada S. M.","family":"Ouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud E. 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