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In the 1,3-PDO synthesis pathway, part of the glycerol is oxidised to maintain intracellular NADH balance. Consequently, the theoretical maximum yield of 1,3-PDO from glycerol was lower than 1\u00a0mol\/mol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, engineered\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were constructed to direct all glycerol toward 1,3-PDO synthesis, with NADH being supplied through the catabolism of glucose. However, glycerol utilisation was inhibited in the presence of glucose. To alleviate this carbon catabolite repression (CCR),\n                      <jats:italic>ptsG<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>crr<\/jats:italic>\n                      were individually knocked out. The\n                      <jats:italic>dha<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathway is responsible for 1,3-PDO synthesis. Key genes in the oxidation branch of this pathway, including\n                      <jats:italic>dhaK<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>dhaL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>dhaD<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>gldA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were knocked out to block this pathway. However, the expression of the\n                      <jats:italic>dha<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon was impaired in these strains, resulting in low 1,3-PDO production. In contrast, knocking out\n                      <jats:italic>dhaM<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which encodes a subunit of dihydroxyacetone kinase II, effectively blocked the glycerol oxidation pathway while maintaining the activity of the\n                      <jats:italic>dha<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>glpK<\/jats:italic>\n                      was knocked out to block the\n                      <jats:italic>sn<\/jats:italic>\n                      -glycerol-3-phosphate formation from glycerol. Glucose to glycerol with the ratio of 0.5:1\u00a0mol\/mol was the optimal value for 1,3-PDO production by\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>dhaM<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>ptsG<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2206\n                      <jats:italic>glpK<\/jats:italic>\n                      , leading to a balance of NADH generation and consumption. Microaerobic conditions were favourable for 1,3-PDO production than anaerobic or aerobic conditions. In fed-batch fermentations, this strain produced 58.6\u00a0g\/L of 1,3-PDO after 70\u00a0h, achieving a yield of 0.93\u00a0mol\/mol glycerol, 2\u00a0mol\/mol glucose, 0.63\u00a0mol\/mol substrate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A highly efficient 1,3-PDO production technology that using glycerol and glucose as co-substrates was established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02896-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T04:03:38Z","timestamp":1765771418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["1,3-propanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae \u2206dhaM\u2206ptsG\u2206glpK using glucose and glycerol as co-substrates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ti\u0161ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"53","key":"2896_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39511","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra05455e","volume":"14","author":"S Maurya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maurya S, Sharma YC. 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