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Traditional vitamin A production methods, primarily based on chemical synthesis, pose significant environmental challenges. Microbial fermentation offers a sustainable alternative, but microbial production of vitamin A has yet to match chemical synthesis in terms of yield and cost-effectiveness. Oleaginous yeasts, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lipomyces starkeyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which can synthesize high levels of acetyl-CoA and lipids, represent promising platforms for producing high-value lipophilic compounds, such as vitamin A.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. starkeyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was engineered for the first time to produce vitamin A by introducing key enzymes in the \u03b2-carotene and retinoid biosynthetic pathways. This approach included integrating genes encoding lycopene cyclase\/phytoene synthase (\n                      <jats:italic>McCarRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), phytoene desaturase (\n                      <jats:italic>McCarB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and \u03b2-carotene 15,15\u2032-dioxygenase (\n                      <jats:italic>MbBlh<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Further optimization of the mevalonate pathway enabled the production of over 600 mg\/L vitamin A in a 3-L fed-batch fermentation. Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u207a supplementation improved yield, while a two-phase culture system using dodecane and butylated hydroxytoluene enhanced vitamin A recovery, with over 90% recovered in the extracellular phase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study establishes\n                      <jats:italic>L. starkeyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a promising host for sustainable vitamin A production. Although significant improvements in yield were achieved, further optimization of pathway regulation and fermentation conditions is needed to reach economically competitive levels. These findings provide a foundation for developing\n                      <jats:italic>L. starkeyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a platform for large-scale production of vitamin A and other valuable terpenoids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-026-03020-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:07:59Z","timestamp":1778591279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficient vitamin A production in Lipomyces starkeyi through metabolic engineering of the \u03b2-carotene and retinoid pathways"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Akari","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikako","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hibiki","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kento","family":"Koketsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Takaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3020_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.22438\/jeb\/45\/6\/MRN-5339","volume":"45","author":"K Beer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beer K, Singh A, Ravi SC, Gupta AK, Kumar A, Sharma MM. 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