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This study describes the green synthesis of AuNPs using an actinobacterial isolate identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Streptomyces enissocaesilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      via 16\u00a0S rRNA sequencing. Characterization of the nanoparticles was performed using various techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, XRD, EDX, and zeta-potential analysis. To provide insight into the interaction of AuNPs with MCF-7 breast cancer cells, a variety of apoptosis and cell proliferation assays were performed. These assays included concentration-dependent cytotoxicity testing, cell-cycle analysis, an Annexin V-FITC\/PI apoptosis analysis, AO\/PI staining, a BrdU proliferation assay, and an RT-qPCR to evaluate the expression of c-erbB-2 and p53.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Characterization of the AuNPs revealed that they were ruby-red, exhibited a strong SPR signal at 528\u00a0nm, were between 22.73 and 35.61\u00a0nm in size, had a positive zeta potential at +\u200927 mV, and exhibited a faceted crystal cubic structure. In regard to MCF-7 cells, the concentration-dependent cytotoxicity assay showed a clear dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, with growth inhibition increasing from 20.14% at 3.125\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL to 98.33% at 100\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of 8.32\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, considerably lower than the 18.90\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL obtained for normal PBMC cells under the same protocol. Cell cycle analysis showed that AuNPs caused almost complete cell cycle arrest in the G0\/G1 phase (99.25%) of the cell cycle, while both the G2\/M and S phases were completely depleted. BrdU incorporation was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, RT-qPCR and Annexin V-FITC\/PI apoptosis analysis showed that AuNPs induced apoptosis (50.36%) and significantly inhibited the expression of the oncogene c-erbB-2, and in turn, they induced tumor suppressive pathway. The docking studies revealed that the Cys-Au species bound to biologically significant areas of ER\u03b1 and CDK2, possibly explaining the antiproliferative effects observed in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that AuNPs biosynthesized using\n                      <jats:italic>Streptomyces enissocaesilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibit significant anticancer effects against MCF-7 cells. The effects appear to be induced by a combination of antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and cell-cycle- and gene-modulatory effects. These effects validate the promise of Actinobacteria-stabilized AuNPs as a green nanoplatform for the treatment of human breast cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-026-03113-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:44:31Z","timestamp":1790574271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Employing Streptomyces enissocaesilis as a sustainable cell factory for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with multi-target anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maisra M.","family":"El-Bouseary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Ahmed Mohammed Mahmoud","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Sonbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"El\u2011banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Tayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"El-Zahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engy","family":"Elekhnawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02198-8","volume":"16","author":"A Zafar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zafar A, Khatoon S. 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This study did not involve human participants: human data: human tissue: or animals. MCF-7 (ATCC\n                      \u00ae\n                      HTB-22\u2122) and PBMC cells were obtained\/handled as described in the Methods.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"193"}}