{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:38:39Z","timestamp":1792787919180,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lund University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a77v79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microb Cell Fact"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alkylamine production depends on ammonium produced via the energy-intensive, fossil-based Haber-Bosch process. Diazotrophic bacteria could offer a biological alternative by supplying nitrogen directly from air to heterotrophic whole-cell biocatalysts for alkylamine production. However, their integration with yeast production systems remains largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we evaluated the use of an ammonium-excreting strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Azotobacter vinelandii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (AZBB664) to supply nitrogen to an engineered\n                      <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      biocatalyst for vanillylamine production using air as the sole nitrogen source. A modified Burk\u2019s medium was developed to support\n                      <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth and enable evaluation of biologically supplied nitrogen. Co-cultivation of both organisms was feasible under diazotrophic conditions, however, vanillin oxidation by\n                      <jats:italic>A. vinelandii<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevented effective vanillylamine production. To address this, a sequential process was implemented in which\n                      <jats:italic>A. vinelandii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was first used to generate ammonium in a modified Burk\u2019s medium, followed by cell removal and use of the resulting medium (AZM1) for yeast cultivation. In this medium, the yeast strain CEN.PK 113-7d exhibited a growth rate of 0.27\u00a0h\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      and reached higher final cell density compared to the control medium supplemented with synthetic ammonium. Cultivation in AZM1 was associated with a more stable pH profile, which may have contributed to the improved growth of the yeast.\n                      <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain TMBNM033 expressing recombinant transaminase and alanine dehydrogenase was able to convert vanillin to vanillylamine, although a significant amount of vanillic alcohol was also observed due to competing endogenous reductase activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>A. vinelandii-<\/jats:italic>\n                      derived medium enables yeast growth and whole-cell reductive amination using air as the sole nitrogen source. This demonstrates that biologically fixed nitrogen can directly sustain heterotrophic whole-cell biotransformations, establishing a strategy for coupling diazotrophy with biocatalytic production systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-026-03118-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:43:22Z","timestamp":1789573402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coupling bacterial nitrogen fixation to yeast whole-cell biocatalysis enables amine production using air as the sole nitrogen source"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8259-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed W. 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