{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:59:49Z","timestamp":1790780389413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cluster of Excellence FSC 2186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cluster of Excellence FSC 2186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016964","name":"Werner Siemens-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WSS Research Centre \u201ccatalaix\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSS Research Centre \u201ccatalaix\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microb Cell Fact"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is an increasing demand for sustainable chemicals, although \u201cgreen premium\u201d can be rarily achieved. In this context, biosurfactants emerge as promising substitutes for petroleum- or palm-oil-based surfactants due to their potentially lower environmental impact. 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs) are biosurfactants composed of dimeric esterified hydroxy fatty acids. They serve as precursor molecules for rhamnolipids. Here, acetate was chosen as potentially CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -derived carbon source to replace conventional sugar-based feedstocks for HAA production using the versatile bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                      KT2440 as heterologous production host.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, a fed-batch fermentation for microbial HAA production with acetate as sole carbon source was developed and optimized. First, different pH values were evaluated to determine optimal cultivation conditions, and a pH of 7.8 was identified as the optimal setpoint. To enhance the overall productivity of the fermentation process, different feeding strategies were investigated. Acetate feeding was controlled either by dissolved oxygen (DO)-triggered substrate addition or by pH-coupled feeding using acetic acid as titrant and carbon source. Both feeding strategies resulted in periods of carbon limitation, which promoted HAA degradation. To overcome this challenge, urea was investigated as an alternative nitrogen source in the pH-coupled feeding strategy. Here, the highest reported HAA concentration of 1 g L\u207b\u00b9 was achieved, with more than 3.5-fold increases in space-time and product-to-substrate yields compared to the ammonium-based pH-coupled feeding. As a next step, the implementation of CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -derived acetate as carbon source was tackled to improve the overall carbon footprint of the bioprocess. To this end, different substrate mixtures obtained from chemocatalytic CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      conversion were evaluated for biocompatibility, growth, and HAA production. The results demonstrate the suitability of the CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -derived acetate-formate mixture for the bioprocess without purification, achieving growth and HAA production comparable to the reference.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates the successful establishment of a bioprocess for heterologous production of HAAs using acetate as carbon source. Urea as alternative nitrogen source not only enhanced process performance and simplified process control but also improved the overall sustainability of the fermentation process. Finally, the successful valorization of CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -derived acetate further enhances its role as a next-generation feedstock in an emerging bioeconomy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1790681801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing acetate-based biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 through fermentation optimization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Carina V.","family":"Michel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Weike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura N.","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca A. I.","family":"Hampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Franci\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Tiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars M.","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997","volume":"61","author":"JD Desai","year":"1997","unstructured":"Desai JD, Banat IM. Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997;61:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"3129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102340","volume":"288","author":"P Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson P, Trybala A, Starov V, Pinfield VJ. Effect of synthetic surfactants on the environment and the potential for substitution by biosurfactants. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;288:102340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102340.","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.066","volume":"548\u2013549","author":"S Johann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johann S, Seiler T-B, Tiso T, Bluhm K, Blank LM, Hollert H. Mechanism-specific and whole-organism ecotoxicity of mono-rhamnolipids. Sci Total Environ. 2016;548\u2013549:155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.066.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"3129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2589-0","volume":"87","author":"IM Banat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banat IM, Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Bestetti G, Martinotti MG, Fracchia L, et al. Microbial biosurfactants production, applications and future potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;87:427\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-010-2589-0.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2498-2","volume":"86","author":"AM Abdel-Mawgoud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdel-Mawgoud AM, L\u00e9pine F. Rhamnolipids: diversity of structures, microbial origins and roles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;86:1323\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-010-2498-2.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(99)00129-8","volume":"1440","author":"E D\u00e9ziel","year":"1999","unstructured":"D\u00e9ziel E, L\u00e9pine F, Dennie D, Boismenu D, Mamer OA, Villemur R. Liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry analysis of mixtures of rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 57RP grown on mannitol or naphthalene. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Biology Lipids. 1999;1440:244\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1388-1981(99)00129-8.","journal-title":"Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Biology Lipids"},{"key":"3129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26154-0","volume":"149","author":"E D\u00e9ziel","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u00e9ziel E, L\u00e9pine F, Milot S, Villemur R. rhlA is required for the production of a novel biosurfactant promoting swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs), the precursors of rhamnolipids. Microbiology. 2003;149:2005\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.26154-0.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"3129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02317","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02317-19","volume":"86","author":"A Germer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Germer A, Tiso T, M\u00fcller C, Behrens B, Vosse C, Scholz K, et al. Exploiting the natural diversity of RhlA acyltransferases for the synthesis of the rhamnolipid precursor 3-(3-Hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020;86:e02317\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02317-19.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0838-y","volume":"16","author":"T Tiso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tiso T, Zauter R, Tulke H, Leuchtle B, Li W-J, Behrens B, et al. Designer rhamnolipids by reduction of congener diversity: Production and characterization. Microb Cell Fact. 2017;16:225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-017-0838-y.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"3129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10080874","volume":"10","author":"T Tiso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiso T, Sauer DF, Beckerle K, Blesken CC, Okuda J, Blank LM. A combined bio-chemical synthesis route for 1-octene sheds light on rhamnolipid structure. Catalysts. 2020;10:874.","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"3129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2021.03.011","volume":"66","author":"T Tiso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiso T, Narancic T, Wei R, Pollet E, Beagan N. Towards bio-upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate. Metab Eng. 2021;66:167\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymben.2021.03.011.","journal-title":"Metab Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE01485C","volume":"12","author":"J Meyers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyers J, Mensah JB, Holzh\u00e4user FJ, Omari A, Blesken CC, Tiso T, et al. Electrochemical conversion of a bio-derivable hydroxy acid to a drop-in oxygenate diesel fuel. Energy Environ Sci. 2019;12:2406\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9EE01485C.","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC00691B","volume":"22","author":"JB Mensah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mensah JB, Hergesell AH, Brosch S, Golchert C, Artz J, Palkovits R. Catalytic deoxygenation of bio-based 3-hydroxydecanoic acid to secondary alcohols and alkanes. Green Chem. 2020;22:3522\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0GC00691B.","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00930","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00930-25","volume":"0","author":"M Filbig","year":"2025","unstructured":"Filbig M, Otzen P, Froning M, Bra\u00df H, Mauri A, Chen GG-Q, et al. Heterologous rhamnolipid biosynthesis by P. putida KT2440 - ACP dependency and the role of fatty acid metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025;0:e00930\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00930-25.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-0150-3","volume":"68","author":"G Sober\u00f3n-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sober\u00f3n-Ch\u00e1vez G, L\u00e9pine F. Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005;68:718\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-005-0150-3.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00080-08","volume":"190","author":"K Zhu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhu K, Rock CO. RhlA converts \u03b2-Hydroxyacyl-Acyl carrier protein intermediates in fatty acid synthesis to the \u03b2-hydroxydecanoyl-\u03b2-hydroxydecanoate component of rhamnolipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:3147\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00080-08.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/jsde.12457","volume":"23","author":"K Invally","year":"2020","unstructured":"Invally K, Ju L-K. Increased rhamnolipid concentration and productivity achieved with advanced process design. J Surfactants Deterg. 2020;23:1043\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsde.12457.","journal-title":"J Surfactants Deterg"},{"key":"3129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2010.10648149","volume":"27","author":"DH Dusane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dusane DH, Zinjarde SS, Venugopalan VP, McLean RJC, Weber MM, Rahman PKSM. Quorum sensing: implications on rhamnolipid biosurfactant production. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2010;27:159\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02648725.2010.10648149.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"key":"3129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.2900450","volume":"19","author":"L Sim","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sim L, Ward OP, Li ZY. Production and characterisation of a biosurfactant isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UW-1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997;19:232\u20138.","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blesken CC, Bator I, Eberlein C, Heipieper HJ, Tiso T, Blank LM. Genetic cell-surface modification for optimized foam fractionation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.572892.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.572892"},{"key":"3129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5b00058","volume":"4","author":"S Zobel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zobel S, Benedetti I, Eisenbach L, de Lorenzo V, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Tn7-Based device for calibrated heterologous gene expression in Pseudomonas putida. ACS Synth Biol. 2015;4:1341\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssynbio.5b00058.","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"key":"3129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00f6bbing S, Blank LM, Wierckx N. Characterization of context-dependent effects on synthetic promoters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00551.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00551"},{"key":"3129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-10-80","volume":"10","author":"A Wittgens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wittgens A, Tiso T, Arndt TT, Wenk P, Hemmerich J, M\u00fcller C, et al. Growth independent rhamnolipid production from glucose using the non-pathogenic Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microb Cell Fact. 2011;10:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2859-10-80.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"3129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2018.05.005","volume":"50","author":"PI Nikel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nikel PI, de Lorenzo V. Pseudomonas putida as a functional chassis for industrial biocatalysis: From native biochemistry to trans-metabolism. Metab Eng. 2018;50:142\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymben.2018.05.005.","journal-title":"Metab Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR25","unstructured":"Tiso T. Non-pathogenic pseudomonas as platform for industrial biocatalysis. Industrial Biocatal. 2014."},{"key":"3129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2002.00366.x","volume":"4","author":"KE Nelson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nelson KE, Weinel C, Paulsen IT, Dodson RJ, Hilbert H, Martins dos VAP, Santos, et al. Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the metabolically versatile Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Environ Microbiol. 2002;4:799\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2002.00366.x.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.3911-3916.1995","volume":"177","author":"JL Ramos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ramos JL, Duque E, Huertas MJ. Isolation and expansion of the catabolic potential of a Pseudomonas putida strain able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons. J Bacteriol. 1995;177:3911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.177.14.3911-3916.1995.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12623","volume":"11","author":"S Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold S, Tews T, Kiefer M, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Evaluation of small organic acids present in fast pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose as feedstocks for bacterial bioconversion. GCB Bioenergy. 2019a;11:1159\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcbb.12623.","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"3129_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bator I, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, Tiso T, Blank LM. Comparison of three xylose pathways in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for the synthesis of valuable products. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00480.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00480"},{"key":"3129_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12647","volume":"11","author":"F Horlamus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horlamus F, Wang Y, Steinbach D, Vahidinasab M, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, et al. Potential of biotechnological conversion of lignocellulose hydrolyzates by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as a model organism for a bio-based economy. GCB Bioenergy. 2019;11:1421\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcbb.12647.","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"3129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131837","volume":"417","author":"G Welsing","year":"2025","unstructured":"Welsing G, Wolter B, Kleinert GEK, G\u00f6ttsch F, Besenmatter W, Xue R, et al. Two-step biocatalytic conversion of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate into value-added products facilitated by genetic and bioprocess engineering. Bioresour Technol. 2025;417:131837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131837.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"3129_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201600072","volume":"17","author":"S Zobel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zobel S, Kuepper J, Ebert B, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Metabolic response of Pseudomonas putida to increased NADH regeneration rates. Eng Life Sci. 2017;17:47\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elsc.201600072.","journal-title":"Eng Life Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02430","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02430-21","volume":"88","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Pearson AN, Incha MR, Thompson MG, Baidoo EEK, Kakumanu R, et al. Nitrogen metabolism in Pseudomonas putida: Functional analysis using random barcode transposon sequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022;88:e02430\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02430-21.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01230-07","volume":"190","author":"AB Herv\u00e1s","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herv\u00e1s AB, Canosa I, Santero E. Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas putida in response to nitrogen availability. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:416\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01230-07.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3129_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.022","volume":"234","author":"VF Wendisch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wendisch VF, Brito LF, Lopez MG, Hennig G, Pfeifenschneider J, Sgobba E, et al. The flexible feedstock concept in Industrial Biotechnology: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and yeast strains for access to alternative carbon sources. J Biotechnol. 2016;234:139\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.022.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00458","volume":"66","author":"HG Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim HG, Lee JH, Noh MH, Jung GY. Rediscovering acetate metabolism: Its potential sources and utilization for biobased transformation into value-added chemicals. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66:3998\u20134006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00458.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Novak K, Pfl\u00fcgl S. Towards biobased industry: acetate as a promising feedstock to enhance the potential of microbial cell factories. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2018;365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fny226.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny226"},{"key":"3129_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.06.003","volume":"35","author":"S Arnold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnold S, Moss K, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Biotechnological perspectives of pyrolysis oil for a bio-based economy. Trends Biotechnol. 2017;35:925\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.06.003.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13270","volume":"11","author":"R Takors","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takors R, Kopf M, Mampel J, Bluemke W, Blombach B, Eikmanns B, et al. Using gas mixtures of CO, CO2 and H2 as microbial substrates: The do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of successful technology transfer from laboratory to production scale. Microb Biotechnol. 2018;11:606\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.13270.","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.03.008","volume":"35","author":"P D\u00fcrre","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u00fcrre P, Eikmanns BJ. C1-carbon sources for chemical and fuel production by microbial gas fermentation. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015;35:63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.03.008.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2015.07.020","volume":"212","author":"C Kantzow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kantzow C, Mayer A, Weuster-Botz D. Continuous gas fermentation by Acetobacterium woodii in a submerged membrane reactor with full cell retention. J Biotechnol. 2015;212:11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2015.07.020.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131913","volume":"427","author":"A Poehlein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poehlein A, Zeldes B, Flaiz M, B\u00f6er T, L\u00fcschen A, H\u00f6fele F, et al. Advanced aspects of acetogens. Bioresour Technol. 2025;427:131913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131913.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"3129_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.09.004","volume":"42","author":"HD May","year":"2016","unstructured":"May HD, Evans PJ, LaBelle EV. The bioelectrosynthesis of acetate. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2016;42:225\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.09.004.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2422","volume":"8","author":"K Rabaey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rabaey K, Rozendal RA. Microbial electrosynthesis \u2014 revisiting the electrical route for microbial production. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:706\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2422.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tremblay P-L, Zhang T. Electrifying microbes for the production of chemicals. Front Microbiol. 2015;6\u20132015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00201.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00201"},{"key":"3129_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b00077","volume":"53","author":"C Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai C, Shi Y, Guo J, Tyson GW, Hu S, Yuan Z. Acetate production from anaerobic oxidation of methane via intracellular storage compounds. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:7371\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b00077.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3129_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202201006","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202201006","volume":"15","author":"P J\u00fcrling-Will","year":"2022","unstructured":"J\u00fcrling-Will P, Botz T, Franci\u00f2 G, Leitner W. A power-to-X route to acetic acid via palladium-catalyzed isomerization of methyl formate. Chemsuschem. 2022;15:e202201006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.202201006.","journal-title":"Chemsuschem"},{"key":"3129_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199522071","volume":"34","author":"W Leitner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Leitner W. Carbon dioxide as a raw material: The synthesis of formic acid and its derivatives from CO2. Angewandte Chemie Int Ed Engl. 1995;34:2207\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.199522071.","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"3129_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c04169","volume":"39","author":"P J\u00fcrling-Will","year":"2025","unstructured":"J\u00fcrling-Will P, Linnartz NJ, Franci\u00f2 G, Leitner W. Catalytic synthesis of acetic acid from methanol using formic acid as a renewable CO source. Energy Fuels. 2025;39:22645\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c04169.","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"3129_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125666","volume":"340","author":"D Kiefer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiefer D, Merkel M, Lilge L, Hausmann R, Henkel M. High cell density cultivation of Corynebacterium glutamicum on bio-based lignocellulosic acetate using pH-coupled online feeding control. Bioresour Technol. 2021;340:125666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125666.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"3129_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126994","volume":"351","author":"M Merkel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merkel M, Kiefer D, Schmollack M, Blombach B, Lilge L, Henkel M, et al. Acetate-based production of itaconic acid with Corynebacterium glutamicum using an integrated pH-coupled feeding control. Bioresour Technol. 2022;351:126994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126994.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"3129_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10050257","volume":"10","author":"T Karmainski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karmainski T, Lipa MK, Kubicki S, Bouchenafa A, Thies S, Jaeger K-E, et al. Optimized feeding strategies for biosurfactant production from acetate by Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2. Fermentation. 2024;10:257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fermentation10050257.","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"3129_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185629","volume":"26","author":"DB Kell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kell DB. The transporter-mediated cellular uptake and efflux of pharmaceutical drugs and biotechnology products: How and why phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible in real biomembranes. Molecules. 2021;26:5629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26185629.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3129_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.185.21.6448-6455.2003","volume":"185","author":"R Gimenez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gimenez R, Nu\u00f1ez MF, Badia J, Aguilar J, Baldoma L. The Gene yjcG, cotranscribed with the gene acs, encodes an acetate permease in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2003;185:6448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.185.21.6448-6455.2003.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3129_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01155-08","volume":"191","author":"E Jolkver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jolkver E, Emer D, Ballan S, Kr\u00e4mer R, Eikmanns BJ, Marin K. Identification and characterization of a bacterial transport system for the uptake of pyruvate, propionate, and acetate in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol. 2009;191:940\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01155-08.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3129_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0990001","volume":"99","author":"H Kornberg","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kornberg H. The role and control of the glyoxylate cycle in Escherichia coli. Biochem J. 1966;99:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj0990001.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"3129_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.09.004","volume":"39","author":"D Kiefer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiefer D, Merkel M, Lilge L, Henkel M, Hausmann R. From acetate to bio-based products: Underexploited potential for industrial biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 2021;39:397\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.09.004.","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107736","volume":"49","author":"Y Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim Y, Lama S, Agrawal D, Kumar V, Park S. Acetate as a potential feedstock for the production of value-added chemicals: Metabolism and applications. Biotechnol Adv. 2021;49:107736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107736.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"3129_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0804-7","volume":"9","author":"S Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold S, Henkel M, Wanger J, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, Hausmann R. Heterologous rhamnolipid biosynthesis by P. putida KT2440 on bio-oil derived small organic acids and fractions. AMB Express. 2019b;9:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-019-0804-7.","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"3129_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0949-0","volume":"17","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen J, Li W, Zhang Z-Z, Tan T-W, Li Z-J. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates using acetate as a main carbon source. Microb Cell Fact. 2018;17:102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-018-0949-0.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"3129_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26508","volume":"115","author":"MH Noh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noh MH, Lim HG, Woo SH, Song J, Jung GY. Production of itaconic acid from acetate by engineering acid-tolerant Escherichia coli W. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2018;115:729\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.26508.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"3129_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-022-02238-3","volume":"15","author":"M Schmollack","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmollack M, Werner F, Huber J, Kiefer D, Merkel M, Hausmann R, et al. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for acetate-based itaconic acid production. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod. 2022;15:139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13068-022-02238-3.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod"},{"key":"3129_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26528","volume":"115","author":"B Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang B, Yang H, Fang G, Zhang X, Wu H, Li Z, et al. Central pathway engineering for enhanced succinate biosynthesis from acetate in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2018;115:943\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.26528.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"3129_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3060","volume":"367","author":"JB Zimmerman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimmerman JB, Anastas PT, Erythropel HC, Leitner W. Designing for a green chemistry future. Science. 2020;367:397\u2013400.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3129_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800437","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201800437","volume":"14","author":"L-P Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu L-P, Wu F-Q, Chen G-Q. Next-Generation industrial Biotechnology-Transforming the current industrial biotechnology into competitive processes. Biotechnol J. 2019;14:1800437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.201800437.","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"3129_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s43938-022-00017-y","volume":"2","author":"S Weiser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weiser S, Tiso T, Willing K, Bardl B, Eichhorn L, Blank LM, et al. Foam-free production of the rhamnolipid precursor 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy) alkanoic acid (HAA) by Pseudomonas putida. Discover Chem Eng. 2022;2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43938-022-00017-y.","journal-title":"Discover Chem Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-015-1606-9","volume":"42","author":"MSG Lopes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopes MSG. Engineering biological systems toward a sustainable bioeconomy. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;42:813\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10295-015-1606-9.","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s43938-023-00039-0","volume":"4","author":"T Tiso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiso T, Demling P, Karmainski T, Oraby A, Eiken J, Liu L, et al. Foam control in biotechnological processes\u2014challenges and opportunities. Discover Chem Eng. 2024;4:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43938-023-00039-0.","journal-title":"Discover Chem Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1021\/bp070032r","volume":"23","author":"B Junker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Junker B. Foam and its mitigation in fermentation systems. Biotechnol Prog. 2007;23:767\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp070032r.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"key":"3129_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(98)00010-X","volume":"16","author":"F Vardar-Sukan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vardar-Sukan F, Foaming. Consequences, prevention and destruction. Biotechnol Adv. 1998;16:913\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0734-9750(98)00010-X.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"3129_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiso T, Ihling N, Kubicki S, Biselli A, Schonhoff A, Bator I, et al. Integration of genetic and process engineering for optimized rhamnolipid production using Pseudomonas putida. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00976.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00976"},{"key":"3129_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0298-5","volume":"6","author":"J Beuker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beuker J, Barth T, Steier A, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, Henkel M, et al. High titer heterologous rhamnolipid production. AMB Express. 2016;6:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-016-0298-5.","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"3129_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.741","volume":"78","author":"S Takesono","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takesono S, Onodera M, Yoshida M, Yamagiwa K, Ohkawa A. Performance characteristics of mechanical foam-breakers fitted to a stirred-tank reactor. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2003;78:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.741.","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-011-0782-6","volume":"34","author":"JB Winterburn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Winterburn JB. Foam mitigation and exploitation in biosurfactant production. Biotechnol Lett. 2012;34:187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-011-0782-6.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"3129_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC02885A","author":"P Demling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demling P, von Campenhausen M, Gr\u00fctering C, Tiso T, Jupke A, Blank LM. Selection of a recyclable in situ liquid\u2013liquid extraction solvent for foam-free synthesis of rhamnolipids in a two-phase fermentation. Green Chem. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0GC02885A.","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s43938-023-00018-5","volume":"3","author":"M von Campenhausen","year":"2023","unstructured":"von Campenhausen M, Demling P, Bongartz P, Scheele A, Tiso T, Wessling M, et al. Novel multiphase loop reactor with improved aeration prevents excessive foaming in rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas putida. Discover Chem Eng. 2023;3:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43938-023-00018-5.","journal-title":"Discover Chem Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.07.015","volume":"258","author":"I Anic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anic I, Nath A, Franco P, Wichmann R. Foam adsorption as an ex situ capture step for surfactants produced by fermentation. J Biotechnol. 2017;258:181\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.07.015.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8122029","volume":"8","author":"CC Blesken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blesken CC, Str\u00fcmpfler T, Tiso T, Blank LM. Uncoupling foam fractionation and foam adsorption for enhanced biosurfactant synthesis and recovery. Microorganisms. 2020;8:2029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8122029.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3129_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2011.02.011","volume":"54","author":"JB Winterburn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winterburn JB, Russell AB, Martin PJ. Integrated recirculating foam fractionation for the continuous recovery of biosurfactant from fermenters. Biochem Eng J. 2011;54:132\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bej.2011.02.011.","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"key":"3129_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bator I, Karmainski T, Tiso T, Blank LM. Killing two birds with one stone \u2013 Strain engineering facilitates the development of a unique rhamnolipid production process. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00899.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00899"},{"key":"3129_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.2728","volume":"87","author":"R Sha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sha R, Meng Q, Jiang L. The addition of ethanol as defoamer in fermentation of rhamnolipids. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2012;87:368\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.2728.","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27822","volume":"118","author":"P Bongartz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bongartz P, Bator I, Baitalow K, Keller R, Tiso T, Blank LM, et al. A scalable bubble-free membrane aerator for biosurfactant production. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2021;118:3545\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.27822.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"3129_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28334","volume":"120","author":"P Bongartz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bongartz P, Karmainski T, Meyer M, Linkhorst J, Tiso T, Blank LM, et al. A novel membrane stirrer system enables foam-free biosurfactant production. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2023;120:1269\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28334.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"3129_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8069","DOI":"10.1039\/D2GC02598A","volume":"24","author":"N Guntermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guntermann N, Franci\u00f2 G, Leitner W. Hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid in biphasic systems using aqueous solutions of amino acids as the product phase. Green Chem. 2022;24:8069\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2GC02598A.","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201601814","volume":"10","author":"M Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott M, Blas\u2005Molinos B, Westhues C, Franci\u00f2 G, Leitner W. Aqueous biphasic systems for the synthesis of formates by catalytic CO2 hydrogenation: Integrated reaction and catalyst separation for CO2-scrubbing solutions. Chemsuschem. 2017;10:1085\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.201601814.","journal-title":"Chemsuschem"},{"key":"3129_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201800040","volume":"90","author":"W Leitner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leitner W, Franci\u00f2 G, Scott M, Westhues C, Langanke J, Lansing M, et al. Carbon2Polymer \u2013 Chemical utilization of CO2 in the production of isocyanates. Chem Ing Tech. 2018;90:1504\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cite.201800040.","journal-title":"Chem Ing Tech"},{"key":"3129_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200900027","volume":"9","author":"W Babel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Babel W. The Auxiliary Substrate Concept: From simple considerations to heuristically valuable knowledge. Eng Life Sci. 2009;9:285\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elsc.200900027.","journal-title":"Eng Life Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/abio.370130302","volume":"13","author":"W Babel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Babel W, Brinkmann U, RH M\u00fcller. The auxiliary substrate concept \u2014 an approach for overcoming limits of microbial performances. Acta Biotechnol. 1993;13:211\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/abio.370130302.","journal-title":"Acta Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8121277","volume":"8","author":"L Ullmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullmann L, Guntermann N, Kohl P, Schr\u00f6ders G, M\u00fcsgens A, Franci\u00f2 G, et al. Improved itaconate production with Ustilago cynodontis via co-metabolism of CO2-derived formate. J Fungi. 2022;8:1277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8121277.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"3129_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9860","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02915K","volume":"23","author":"N Guntermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guntermann N, Mengers HG, Franci\u00f2 G, Blank LM, Leitner W. Bio-energy conversion with carbon capture and utilization (BECCU): integrated biomass fermentation and chemo-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation for bioethanol and formic acid co-production. Green Chem. 2021;23:9860\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1GC02915K.","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409845","volume":"136","author":"W Babel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Babel W, M\u00fcller RH, Markuske KD. Improvement of growth yield of yeast on glucose to the maximum by using an additional energy source. Arch Microbiol. 1983;136:203\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00409845.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0819-1","volume":"16","author":"ET Mohamed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohamed ET, Wang S, Lennen RM, Herrg\u00e5rd MJ, Simmons BA, Singer SW, et al. Generation of a platform strain for ionic liquid tolerance using adaptive laboratory evolution. Microb Cell Fact. 2017;16:204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-017-0819-1.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"3129_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mec.2020.e00143","volume":"11","author":"ET Mohamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamed ET, Werner AZ, Salvach\u00faa D, Singer CA, Szostkiewicz K, Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz MR, et al. Adaptive laboratory evolution of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 improves p-coumaric and ferulic acid catabolism and tolerance. Metabolic Eng Commun. 2020;11:e00143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mec.2020.e00143.","journal-title":"Metabolic Eng Commun"},{"key":"3129_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Filbig M, Wachtendonk L, Hampe L, Bator I, Johnsen J, Mohamed ET et al. Improving acetate metabolism of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 by evolutionary and rational engineering. bioRxiv. 2026:2026.08.21.746131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.08.21.746131","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.21.746131"},{"key":"3129_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030529","volume":"12","author":"J Widberger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Widberger J, Wittgens A, Klaunig S, Kr\u00e4mer M, Kissmann A-K, H\u00f6fele F, et al. Recombinant production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids in P. putida KT2440 on Acetobacterium woodii cultures grown chemo-autotrophically with carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Microorganisms. 2024;12:529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12030529.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3129_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8041-3","volume":"101","author":"A Wittgens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wittgens A, Kovacic F, M\u00fcller MM, Gerlitzki M, Santiago-Sch\u00fcbel B, Hofmann D, et al. Novel insights into biosynthesis and uptake of rhamnolipids and their precursors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101:2865\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-016-8041-3.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13571","volume":"13","author":"A Ankenbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ankenbauer A, Sch\u00e4fer RA, Viegas SC, Pobre V, Vo\u00df B, Arraiano CM, et al. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is naturally endowed to withstand industrial-scale stress conditions. Microb Biotechnol. 2020;13:1145\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.13571.","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"3129_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahya N. Green urea: For future sustainability. Springer; 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7578-0"},{"key":"3129_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123789","volume":"372","author":"S Devkota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Devkota S, Karmacharya P, Maharjan S, Khatiwada D, Uprety B. Decarbonizing urea: Techno-economic and environmental analysis of a model hydroelectricity and carbon capture based green urea production. Appl Energy. 2024;372:123789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123789.","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"3129_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Konzock O, Zaghen S, Fu J, Kerkhoven EJ. Urea is a drop-in nitrogen source alternative to ammonium sulphate in Yarrowia lipolytica. iScience. 2022;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105703.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105703"},{"key":"3129_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582577","volume":"62","author":"T Jahns","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jahns T. Regulation of urea uptake in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1992;62:173\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00582577.","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"3129_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425574","volume":"149","author":"T Jahns","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jahns T, Zobel A, Kleiner D, Kaltwasser H. Evidence for carrier-mediated, energy-dependent uptake of urea in some bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 1988;149:377\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00425574.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065395","volume":"24","author":"R Esposito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esposito R, Speciale I, De Castro C, D\u2019Errico G, Krauss IR. Rhamnolipid self-aggregation in aqueous media: A long journey toward the definition of structure\u2013property relationships. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:5395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065395.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.035","volume":"101","author":"H Abbasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abbasi H, Noghabi KA, Hamedi MM, Zahiri HS, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Amanlou M, et al. Physicochemical characterization of a monorhamnolipid secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01 in aqueous media. An experimental and molecular dynamics study. Colloids Surf B. 2013;101:256\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.035.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B"},{"key":"3129_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.3c00747","volume":"13","author":"S K\u00f6bbing","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00f6bbing S, Lechtenberg T, Wynands B, Blank LM, Wierckx N. Reliable genomic integration sites in Pseudomonas putida identified by two-dimensional transcriptome analysis. ACS Synth Biol. 2024;13:2060\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssynbio.3c00747.","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"key":"3129_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00195","volume":"8","author":"M Otto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Otto M, Wynands B, Drepper T, Jaeger K-E, Thies S, Loeschcke A, et al. Targeting 16S rDNA for stable recombinant gene expression in Pseudomonas. ACS Synth Biol. 2019;8:1901\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00195.","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"key":"3129_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706251104","volume":"104","author":"M Auton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Auton M, Holthauzen LMF, Bolen DW. Anatomy of energetic changes accompanying urea-induced protein denaturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104:15317\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0706251104.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114512","volume":"251","author":"D Aruguete","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aruguete D, Miller K, Wallace A, Blakney T, Muccio D, Pell R, et al. The effects of palladium coordination complex speciation and concentration upon the ubiquitous bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023;251:114512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114512.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"3129_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joudeh N, Saragliadis A, Schulz C, Voigt A, Almaas E, Linke D. Transcriptomic response analysis of Escherichia coli to palladium stress. Front Microbiol. 2021;12\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.741836.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.741836"},{"key":"3129_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2931","volume":"13","author":"LM Blank","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blank LM, Ebert BE, Buehler K, B\u00fchler B. Redox biocatalysis and metabolism: Molecular mechanisms and metabolic network analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;13:349\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2009.2931.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"3129_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(81)90080-9","volume":"16","author":"M Bagdasarian","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bagdasarian M, Lurz R, R\u00fcckert B, Franklin FCH, Bagdasarian MM, Frey J, et al. Specific-purpose plasmid cloning vectors II. Broad host range, high copy number, RSF 1010-derived vectors, and a host-vector system for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Gene. 1981;16:237\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0378-1119(81)90080-9.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"3129_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.11.2850-2855.1989","volume":"55","author":"S Hartmans","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hartmans S, Smits JP, Werf MJ, Volkering F. JAMd Bont. Metabolism of styrene oxide and 2-phenylethanol in the styrene-degrading Xanthobacter strain 124X. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989;55:2850\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.55.11.2850-2855.1989.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3129_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1021\/jf950522b","volume":"44","author":"RB Willis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Willis RB, Montgomery ME, Allen PR. Improved method for manual, colorimetric determination of total kjeldahl nitrogen using salicylate. J Agric Food Chem. 1996;44:1804\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf950522b.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3129_CR114","unstructured":"BLANK ML, Tiso T, Germer A. Extracellular production of designer hydroxyalkanoyloxy alkanoic acids with recombinant bacteria. 2018."}],"container-title":["Microbial Cell Factories"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:31:18Z","timestamp":1790778678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-026-03129-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2859","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"T.T. and L.M.B. declare that a patent application related to the production of HAA has been filed [114].","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"195"}}