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However, process efficiency is often limited by the coupling of biomass formation and recombinant protein synthesis, leading to substantial carbon losses into non-recyclable biomass. Particularly for cost-sensitive bulk products such as food proteins, economically viable production requires highly efficient and dynamically controllable bioprocesses. RNA thermometers (RNATs) offer a promising inducer-free strategy for temperature-dependent control of recombinant protein production and dynamic bioprocess regulation, with the potential to improve carbon efficiency and product yields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, a fluorescent reporter protein (EmGFP) under the control of a fourU (4U) RNA thermometer was evaluated in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      BL21 across a temperature range of 25\u201340\u00a0\u00b0C. Temperature-dependent regulation enabled maximal recombinant protein production at 35\u00a0\u00b0C, resulting in a 2.6-fold higher specific productivity compared to the derepressed control. The strongest RNAT-mediated regulatory effect was observed at 35.5\u00a0\u00b0C, highlighting the relevance of precise temperature control for recombinant protein production. Evaluation of altered carbon partitioning revealed a substantially increased carbon allocation toward product formation, while carbon partitioning into biomass and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      remained largely unchanged. Furthermore, the product-per-acetate yield increased more than threefold at induction temperature, indicating controllable carbon partitioning and reveals potential for decoupling approaches of biomass formation from recombinant protein production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an RNAT-controlled recombinant expression system enabling temperature-dependent regulation of protein production in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Quantitative analysis revealed controllable carbon partitioning toward recombinant protein synthesis and defined target temperatures for future process induction and switching. In contrast to conventional inducer-based systems, RNAT-mediated regulation enables dynamic control without chemical additives, supporting more resource-efficient bioprocess operation. However, fully exploiting RNAT-based process control will require advanced model-based strategies integrating temperature and feeding regimes, particularly for cost-sensitive precision fermentation processes such as food protein production. Overall, RNATs represent promising molecular control elements for future high-efficiency precision fermentation processes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-026-03143-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:52:58Z","timestamp":1791921178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RNA thermometers as temperature-dependent tools for enhanced recombinant protein production in precision fermentation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Peternell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Henkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3143_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-01002-3","volume":"25","author":"F Beck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beck F, Noll P, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Henkel M. 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