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Proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, are the most widely used drugs to treat this illness. The aim of the study was evaluate cytogenetic effects of omeprazole in stomach epithelial cells of patients with gastritis in presence and absence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      , through cytogenetic biomarkers and catalse and superoxide dismutase analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 152 patients from the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Hospital Get\u00falio Vargas, Teresina\u2014Brazil, that reported continuous and prolonged omeprazole use in doses of 20, 30 and 40\u00a0mg\/kg. The participants were divided into groups: (1) patients without gastritis (n\u2009=\u200932); (2) patients without gastritis but with OME use (n\u2009=\u200924); (3) patients with gastritis (n\u2009=\u200926); (4) patients with gastritis undergoing OME therapy (n\u2009=\u200926); (5) patients with gastritis and\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u2009=\u200922) and (6) patients with gastritis and\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      on OME therapy (n\u2009=\u200922).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OME induced cytogenetic imbalance in the stomach epithelium through the formation of micronuclei (group 6\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 4, 5; group 5\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3; group 4\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3); bridges (groups 4 and 6\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 5 and group 2\u2009&gt;\u20093, 5); buds (groups 2,4,6\u2009&gt;\u2009, 1, 3, 5); binucleated cells (group 6\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 4, 5; group 4\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3); (groups 2 and 3\u2009&gt;\u20091); picnoses (group 6\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 4, 5), groups 2 and 5\u2009&gt;\u20091, 3; group 4\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 5); cariorrexis (groups 6 and 4\u2009&gt;\u20091, 2, 3, 5; groups 2, 3, 5\u2009&gt;\u20091) and karyolysis (groups 2, 4, and 6\u2009&gt;\u20091, 3, 5; groups 3 and 5\u2009&gt;\u20091). The OME cytogenetic instability was associated with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, indicating clastogenic\/aneugenic effects, chromosomes alterations, gene expression changes, cytotoxicity and apoptosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cytogenetic changescan be attributed to several mechanisms that are still unclear, including oxidative damage, as observed by increased catalase and superoxide dismutase expresion. Positive correlations between antioxidant enzymes were found with micronuclei formation, and were negative for picnoses. Thus, the continuous and prolonged omeprazole use induces genetic instability, which can be monitored through cytogenetic analyzes, as precursor for gastric cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02563-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T11:37:59Z","timestamp":1650281879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of mutagenesis, necrosis and apoptosis induced by omeprazole in stomach cells of patients with gastritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ana Maria Oliveira Ferreira","family":"da Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Fernanda Correia Jardim","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ag-Anne Pereira Melo","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonielly Campinho","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"da Silva Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Dimas","family":"de Carvalho Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f4nia Alves","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Soares Gondim","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Torequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevgi Durna","family":"Da\u015ftan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Marcelo","family":"de Castro e Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Am\u00e9lia","family":"de Carvalho Melo Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2563_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.09.004","volume":"2","author":"GO Adeoye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adeoye GO, Alimba CG, Oyeleke OB. 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