{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:38:16Z","timestamp":1791581896399,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Cell Int"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:16:09Z","timestamp":1767863769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PARP1 trapping activates cGAS-STING pathway to induce immunogenic cell death in multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Giada","family":"Juli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenica","family":"Ronchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Squillacioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Poler\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Maienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Vocaturo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Galvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Taiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierosandro","family":"Tagliaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierfrancesco","family":"Tassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Caracciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00648-7","volume":"6","author":"R Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang R, Zhou PK. DNA damage repair: historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):254.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"30","key":"4152_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27673","volume":"11","author":"BYD Hoong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoong BYD, Gan YH, Liu H, Chen ES. cGAS-STING pathway in oncogenesis and cancer therapeutics. Oncotarget. 2020;11(30):2930\u201355.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"21","key":"4152_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019102718","volume":"38","author":"H Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang H, Xue X, Panda S, Kawale A, Hooy RM, Liang F, et al. Chromatin-bound cGAS is an inhibitor of DNA repair and hence accelerates genome destabilization and cell death. EMBO J. 2019;38(21):e102718.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"7729","key":"4152_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0629-6","volume":"563","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang H, Wu X, Ma D, Wu J, Wang L, et al. Nuclear cGAS suppresses DNA repair and promotes tumorigenesis. Nature. 2018;563(7729):131\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7668","key":"4152_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23449","volume":"548","author":"KJ Mackenzie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mackenzie KJ, Carroll P, Martin CA, Murina O, Fluteau A, Simpson DJ, et al. cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity. Nature. 2017;548(7668):461\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4152_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061392","author":"D Caracciolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caracciolo D, Riillo C, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Alternative non-homologous end-joining: error-prone DNA repair as cancer\u2019s Achilles\u2019 heel. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13061392.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4152_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061353","author":"A Diaz-Tejedor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diaz-Tejedor A, Lorenzo-Mohamed M, Puig N, Garcia-Sanz R, Mateos MV, Garayoa M, et al. Immune system alterations in multiple myeloma: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to reverse immunosuppression. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13061353.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4152_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0238-2","volume":"33","author":"D Caracciolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caracciolo D, Di Martino MT, Amodio N, Morelli E, Montesano M, Botta C, et al. miR-22 suppresses DNA ligase III addiction in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2019;33(2):487\u201398.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03705-z","volume":"20","author":"D Caracciolo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caracciolo D, Juli G, Riillo C, Coricello A, Vasile F, Pollastri S, et al. Exploiting DNA ligase III addiction of multiple myeloma by flavonoid rhamnetin. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):482.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.240713","volume":"106","author":"D Caracciolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caracciolo D, Scionti F, Juli G, Altomare E, Golino G, Todoerti K, et al. Exploiting MYC-induced PARPness to target genomic instability in multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2021;106(1):185\u201395.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"8","key":"4152_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-22-0047","volume":"2","author":"M Sokac","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sokac M, Ahrenfeldt J, Litchfield K, Watkins TBK, Knudsen M, Dyrskjot L, et al. Classifying cGAS-STING Activity Links Chromosomal Instability with Immunotherapy Response in Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res Commun. 2022;2(8):762\u201371.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"4152_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0037","volume":"104","author":"T Hideshima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hideshima T, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Anderson KC. Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Blood. 2004;104(3):607\u201318.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"4152_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.278342","volume":"107","author":"K Todoerti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todoerti K, Ronchetti D, Favasuli V, Maura F, Morabito F, Bolli N, et al. DIS3 mutations in multiple myeloma impact the transcriptional signature and clinical outcome. Haematologica. 2022;107(4):921\u201332.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"9","key":"4152_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091062498","volume":"98","author":"VG Tusher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tusher VG, Tibshirani R, Chu G. Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(9):5116\u201321.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"43","key":"4152_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","volume":"102","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(43):15545\u201350.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.05.003","volume":"654","author":"JE Collins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collins JE, Ellis PC, White AT, Booth AE, Moore CE, Burman M, et al. Evaluation of the Litron in vitro MicroFlow\u00ae kit for the flow cytometric enumeration of micronuclei (MN) in mammalian cells. Mutat Res. 2008;654(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4152_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676\u201382.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4152_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.171541","volume":"36","author":"R Sabharwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sabharwal R, Verma P, Syed MA, Sharma T, Subudhi SK, Mohanty S, et al. Emergence of micronuclei as a genomic biomarker. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(4):212\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4152_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021991","volume":"144","author":"K Grillone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grillone K, Ascrizzi S, Cremaschi P, Amato J, Polera N, Croci O, et al. An unbiased lncRNA dropout CRISPR-Cas9 screen reveals RP11-350G8.5 as a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2024;144(16):1705\u201321.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"27","key":"4152_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24205","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4434","volume":"6","author":"M Lionetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lionetti M, Barbieri M, Todoerti K, Agnelli L, Marzorati S, Fabris S, et al. Molecular spectrum of BRAF, NRAS and KRAS gene mutations in plasma cell dyscrasias: implication for MEK-ERK pathway activation. Oncotarget. 2015;6(27):24205\u201317.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"4152_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2014.03.014","volume":"19","author":"T Aparicio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aparicio T, Baer R, Gautier J. DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice and cancer. DNA Repair. 2014;19:169\u201375.","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"issue":"2","key":"4152_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0138","volume":"17","author":"TA Hopkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hopkins TA, Ainsworth WB, Ellis PA, Donawho CK, DiGiammarino EL, Panchal SC, et al. PARP1 trapping by PARP inhibitors drives cytotoxicity in both cancer cells and healthy bone marrow. Mol Cancer Res. 2019;17(2):409\u201319.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"4152_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60637","author":"C Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim C, Wang XD, Yu Y. PARP1 inhibitors trigger innate immunity via PARP1 trapping-induced DNA damage response. Elife. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.60637.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"11","key":"4152_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121979119","volume":"119","author":"J Rudolph","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rudolph J, Jung K, Luger K. Inhibitors of PARP: number crunching and structure gazing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(11):e2121979119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"4152_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(99)00195-2","volume":"24","author":"HG Drexler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drexler HG, Matsuo Y. Malignant hematopoietic cell lines: in vitro models for the study of multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia. Leuk Res. 2000;24(8):681\u2013703.","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4152_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-010-0954-6","volume":"60","author":"L Castiello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castiello L, Sabatino M, Jin P, Clayberger C, Marincola FM, Krensky AM, et al. Monocyte-derived DC maturation strategies and related pathways: a transcriptional view. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011;60(4):457\u201366.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","volume":"6","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):263.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"4152_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.019","volume":"57","author":"S Dvorkin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dvorkin S, Cambier S, Volkman HE, Stetson DB. New frontiers in the cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway. Immunity. 2024;57(4):718\u201330.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02418-8","volume":"11","author":"S Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng S, Long M, Chen Q, Yin Z, Zeng C, Zhang W, et al. Perspectives on cancer therapy-synthetic lethal precision medicine strategies, molecular mechanisms, therapeutic targets and current technical challenges. Cell Death Discov. 2025;11(1):179.","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"4152_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00456-5","volume":"12","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Z, Xu X, Liu H, Zhao X, Yang C, Fu R. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for multiple myeloma immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2023;12(1):99.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Cell International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T11:41:09Z","timestamp":1770205269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-025-04152-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of clinical samples was approved by the Institutional ethics committee (No.152\/2024) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient consent statement"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"70"}}