{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:25:13Z","timestamp":1793165113470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]],"date-time":"2016-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470268800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]],"date-time":"2016-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K00669X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K00669X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK DFID","award":["OPP1068048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1068048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1106023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1106023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T20:48:17Z","timestamp":1470257297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Integrated paediatric fever management and antibiotic over-treatment in Malawi health facilities: data mining a national facility census"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emily White","family":"Johansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina Ekholm","family":"Selling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humphreys","family":"Nsona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Mappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Gething","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Swartling","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Hildenwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1439_CR1","first-page":"7","volume":"75","author":"S Gove","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gove S. Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75:7\u201324.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"1439_CR2","volume-title":"Informal consultation on fever management in peripheral care settings\u2014a global review of evidence and practice","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Informal consultation on fever management in peripheral care settings\u2014a global review of evidence and practice. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"1439_CR3","volume-title":"The overlap in the clinical presentation and treatment of malaria and pneumonia in children: report of a meeting","author":"WHO","year":"1991","unstructured":"WHO. The overlap in the clinical presentation and treatment of malaria and pneumonia in children: report of a meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991."},{"key":"1439_CR4","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010."},{"key":"1439_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. T3: Test. Treat. Track. Scaling up diagnostic testing, treatment and surveillance for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012."},{"key":"1439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001590","volume":"11","author":"GJH Bastiaens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bastiaens GJH, Bousema T, Leslie T. Scale-up of malaria rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin-based combination therapy: challenges and perspectives in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001590.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1439_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-377","volume":"10","author":"V Batwala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F. Antibiotic use among patients with febrile illness in a low malaria endemicity setting in Uganda. Malar J. 2011;10:377.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"1439_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072912","volume":"8","author":"D Shakely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakely D, Elfving K, Aydin-Schmidt B, Msellem M, Morris U, Omar R, et al. The usefulness of rapid diagnostic tests in the new context of low malaria transmission in Zanzibar. PLoS One. 2013;8:e72912.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132316","volume":"10","author":"AF Shao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shao AF, Rambaud-Althaus C, Samaka J, Faustine AF, Perri-Moore S, Swai N, et al. New algorithm for managing childhood illness using mobile technology (ALMANACH): a controlled non-inferiority study on clinical outcome and antibiotic use in Tanzania. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0132316.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090990","volume":"9","author":"N Senn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Senn N, Rarau P, Salib M, Manong D, Siba P, Rogerson S, et al. Use of antibiotics within the IMCI guidelines in outpatient settings in Papua New Guinean children: an observational and effectiveness study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90990.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034073","volume":"7","author":"F Baiden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baiden F, Webster J, Tivura M, Delimini R, Berko Y, Amenga-Etego S, et al. Accuracy of rapid tests for malaria and treatment outcomes for malaria and non-malaria cases among under-five children in rural Ghana. PLoS One. 2012;7:e34073.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028944","volume":"6","author":"F Baiden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baiden F, Owusu-Agyei S, Bawah S, Bruce J, Tivura M, Delmini R, et al. An evaluation of the clinical assessments of under-five febrile children presenting to primary health facilities in rural Ghana. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28944.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02692.x","volume":"16","author":"F Baiden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baiden F, Webster J, Owusu-Agyei S, Chandramohan D. Would rational use of antibiotics be compromised in the era of test-based management of malaria? Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:142\u20134.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1439_CR14","volume-title":"Malaria strategic plan 2011\u20132013: towards universal access","author":"Government of Malawi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Government of Malawi. Malaria strategic plan 2011\u20132013: towards universal access. Lilongwe: National Malaria Control Programme; 2011."},{"key":"1439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89050","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089050","volume":"9","author":"L Steinhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinhardt L, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, et al. Quality of malaria case management in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89050.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-64","volume":"13","author":"L Steinhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinhardt L, Chinkhumba J, Wolkon A, Luka M, Luhanga M, Sande J, et al. Patient-, health worker-, and health facility-level determinants of correct malaria case management at publicly funded health facilities in Malawi: results from a nationally representative health facility survey. Malar J. 2014;13:64.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"1439_CR17","volume-title":"Malawi Service Provision Assessment 2013\u20132014","author":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health and ICF International","year":"2015","unstructured":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health and ICF International. Malawi Service Provision Assessment 2013\u20132014. Lilongwe and Rockville: Government of Malawi and ICF International; 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR18","volume-title":"Introduction to data mining","author":"PN Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan PN. Introduction to data mining. 2nd ed. New York: Pearson Education Inc.; 2006.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1439_CR19","volume-title":"Health sector strategic plan 2011\u20132016","author":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health","year":"2011","unstructured":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health. Health sector strategic plan 2011\u20132016. Lilongwe: Government of Malawi; 2011."},{"key":"1439_CR20","volume-title":"Malawi integrated management of childhood illness","author":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health","year":"2013","unstructured":"Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health. Malawi integrated management of childhood illness. Lilongwe: Government of Malawi; 2013."},{"key":"1439_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1439_CR22","unstructured":"Mapping malaria risk in Africa (MARA). Basel: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; 2015. \n                    http:\/\/www.mara-database.org\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 Dec 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR23","unstructured":"Visual understanding environment (VUE) v3.3.0. Medford: Tufts University; 2015. \n                    http:\/\/vue.tufts.edu\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 Dec 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1198\/106186008X319331","volume":"17","author":"A Zeileis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeileis A, Horhorn T, Hornik K. Model-based recursive partitioning. J Comput Graph Stat. 2008;17:492\u2013514.","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"1439_CR25","unstructured":"Fokkema M, Smits N, Zeileis A, Hothorn T, Kelderman H. Detecting treatment sub-group interactions in clustered data with generalized linear mixed-effects model trees. In: Working paper in economics and statistics. Innsbruck: University of Innsbruck; 2015. \n                    ftp:\/\/repec.org\/opt\/ReDIF\/RePEc\/inn\/wpaper\/2015-10.pdf\n                    \n                  Accessed 1 Dec 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR26","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013."},{"key":"1439_CR27","unstructured":"Hothorn T, Zeileis A. Partykit. A modular toolkit for recursive partytioning in R. Journal of Machine Learning Research. \n                    http:\/\/EconPapers.RePEc.org\/RePEc:inn:wpaper:2014-10\n                    \n                   (2015) Accessed 1 Dec 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905513Y.0000000070","volume":"34","author":"E Bjornstad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bjornstad E, Preidis GA, Lufesi N, Olson D, Kamthunzi P, Hosseinipour MC, et al. Determining the quality of IMCI pneumonia care in Malawian children. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2014;34:29\u201336.","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"1439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301191","volume":"97","author":"M Chopra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chopra M, Binkin NJ, Mason E, Wolfheim. Integrated management of childhood illness: what have we learned and how can it be improved? Arch Dis Child. 2012;97:350\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1439_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120100521","volume":"12","author":"AS Oyekale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oyekale AS. Assessment of Malawian mothers\u2019 malaria knowledge, healthcare preferences and timeliness of seeking fever treatment for children under five. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2015;12:521\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"1439_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-381","volume":"12","author":"TM Chandran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chandran TM, Berkvens D, Chikobvu P, Nostlinger C, Colebunders R, Williams BG, et al. Predictors of condom use and refusal among the population of Free State province in South Africa. BMC Publ Health. 2012;12:381.","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"key":"1439_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036678","volume":"7","author":"CD Vinnemeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vinnemeier CD, Schwarz NG, May J. Predictive value of fever and palm pallor for P. falciparum parasitemia in children from an endemic area. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36678.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-28","volume":"7","author":"ND Thang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thang ND, Erhart A, Speybroeck N, Hung LX, Thuan LK, Hung CT, et al. Malaria in central Viet Nam: analysis of risk factors by multivariate analysis and classification tree models. Malar J. 2008;7:28.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"1439_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8022","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008022","volume":"4","author":"N Protopopoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Protopopoff N, Van Bortel W, Speybroeck N, Van Geertruyden JP, Baza D, D\u2019Alessandro U, et al. Ranking malaria risk factors to guide malaria control efforts in African highlands. PLoS One. 2009;4:e8022.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1439_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0601-y","volume":"14","author":"PV Thanh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thanh PV, Hing NV, Van NV, Van Malderen C, Obsomer V, Rosanas-Urgell A, et al. Epidemiology of forest malaria in Central Viet Nam: the hidden parasite reservoir. Malar J. 2015;14:86.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"1439_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214482","volume":"370","author":"V D\u2019Acremont","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Acremont V, Kilowoko M, Kyungu E, Philipina S, Sangu W, Kahama-Maro J, et al. Beyond malaria\u2014causes of fever in outpatient Tanzanian children. N Eng J Med. 2014;370:809\u201317.","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"1439_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12635","volume":"21","author":"H Hildenwall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hildenwall H, Amos B, Mtove G, Muro F, Cederlund K, Reyburn H. Causes of non-malarial febrile illness in outpatients in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;21:149\u201356.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"1439_CR38","unstructured":"WHO. World Health Assembly resolution A68\/20\u2014antimicrobial resistance, draft global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00474-2","volume":"387","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, Brower C, Rottningen JA, Klugman K, et al. Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. Lancet. 2015;387:168\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1439_CR40","unstructured":"WHO. Integrated management of childhood illness\u2014chart booklet. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"1439_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.06.003","volume":"63","author":"K Leonard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leonard K, Masatu MC. Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawthorne Effect. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:2330\u201340.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1439_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12492","volume":"20","author":"F Muro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muro F, Mtove G, Nosha N, Wangai H, Harrison N, Hildenwall H, et al. Effect of context on respiratory rate measurement in identifying non-severe pneumonia in African children. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:757\u201365.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T03:24:31Z","timestamp":1589513071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1439-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"396"}}