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It is unknown to what extent local transmission is sustained by a chain of clinical and sub-clinical infections or by continued re-introduction via migration. Using an ultrasensitive molecular technique, 20 villages in western Cambodia were surveyed to detect the low season prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      and local treatment records were reviewed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During March to May 2015 cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 20 villages in Battambang, western Cambodia. Demographic and epidemiological data and venous blood samples were collected from 50 randomly selected adult volunteers in each village. Blood was tested for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), microscopy and high volume (0.5\u00a0ml packed red blood cell) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (uPCR). Positive samples were analysed by nested PCR to determine the\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Malaria case records were collected from the Provincial Health Department and village malaria workers to determine incidence and migration status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 1000 participants, 91 (9.1%) were positive for any\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection by uPCR, seven (0.7%) by microscopy, and two (0.2%) by RDT. uPCR\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence was 6.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.7%, and undetermined\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species 1.8%. Being male (adjusted OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4); being a young adult\u00a0&lt;30\u00a0years (aOR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3\u20133.4); recent forest travel (aOR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6\u20134.8); and, a history of malaria (aOR 5.2; 95% CI 2.5\u201310.7) were independent risk factors for parasitaemia. Of the clinical malaria cases diagnosed by village malaria workers, 43.9% (297\/634) and 38.4% (201\/523) were among migrants in 2013 and in 2014, respectively.\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence determined by uPCR significantly correlated with vivax malaria incidences in both 2014 and 2015 (p\u00a0=\u00a00.001 and 0.002, respectively), whereas no relationship was observed in falciparum malaria (p\u00a0=\u00a00.36 and p\u00a0=\u00a00.59, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was heterogeneity in the malaria parasite reservoir between villages, and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence correlated with subsequent malaria incidence. The association was attributable chiefly to\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, which were nine-fold more prevalent than\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. In the absence of a radical cure with 8-aminoquinolines,\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission will continue even as\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence declines. Migration was associated with over a third of incident cases of clinical malaria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01872702). Registered 4 June 2013\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1703-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T03:36:41Z","timestamp":1485833801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Submicroscopic Plasmodium prevalence in relation to malaria incidence in 20 villages in western Cambodia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01872702","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3281-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupam","family":"Tripura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christianne C.","family":"Veugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chea","family":"Nguon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Davoeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehul","family":"Dhorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Maude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jureeporn","family":"Duanguppama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krittaya","family":"Patumrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallika","family":"Imwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"von Seidlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjen M.","family":"Dondorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-385","volume":"13","author":"RJ Maude","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maude RJ, Nguon C, Ly P, Bunkea T, Ngor P, Canavati de la Torre SE. 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