{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1790774443311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Africa. There is inadequate information regarding malaria transmission-intensity in some of the worst-affected parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) was developed in 2006, to project estimates of malaria transmission intensity where this data is not available, based on the vector behaviour for malaria. Data from malariometric studies globally were obtained and modelled to provide prevalence estimates. The sensitivity of these maps, however, reduces with unavailability of data. This necessitates a validation of these maps locally, and investigation into alternative methods of predicting prevalence to guide malaria control interventions and improve their efficiency and effectiveness. This study was conducted to compare the true estimates in Sokoto, Nigeria, with the MAP projections for north-western Nigeria, and it proposes an alternative way of mapping malaria intensity in Nigeria and beyond.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A malariometric survey was conducted including children aged 2\u201310\u00a0years in communities in Wamakko Local Government Area (LGA) of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Children had blood examinations for the presence of malaria parasitaemia and a physical examination for the signs of clinical malaria. All the sites from which children were included in the study were geo-located using a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) device and compared this to MAP maps of the same area. A mapping software was also used to generate a malaria prevalence map of the study area, considering the average flight distances of the vector.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence among children 2 to 10\u00a0years was found to be 34.8% which was within the 30\u201340% projected prevalence for the study area by MAPs. However, it was much lower than the projection during the dry season (20.2%) and higher than the projected estimate during the rainy season (49.3%). There was monoparasitaemia of<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>throughout the study area, although the study was not specifically designed to identify other species. The prevalence of parasitaemia and splenomegaly were similar when overall and when considered by age of the participants. The study also generated a map of malaria transmission, which mapped out areas where the prevalence was confirmed or likely to be to be within the range of 30\u201340%, based on the sites which constituted the study area for this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study concludes that the prevalence of malaria and its transmission intensity in Sokoto are similar to Malaria Atlas Project predictions for the area and that, for malaria control planning purposes, the projections may be utilized, with more efforts at validation of the MAPs in other locations and terrains. Also, the vector behaviour may be used to map transmission of malaria and other vector-transmitted diseases, where this information is lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1586343762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A validation of the Malaria Atlas Project maps and development of a new map of malaria transmission in Sokoto, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study using geographic information systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman Nasir","family":"Nakakana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismaila Ahmed","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. O.","family":"Onankpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridwan M.","family":"Jega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nma Muhammad","family":"Jiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3214_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"3214_CR2","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2015","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"3214_CR3","volume-title":"World malaria report 2016","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"3214_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Nigeria. In: World malaria report 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"3214_CR5","first-page":"2015","volume-title":"WMR 2015 regional profiles","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. WMR 2015 regional profiles. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. p. 2015."},{"key":"3214_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050038","volume":"5","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guerra CA, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Smith DL, Hay SI, et al. The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e38.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3214_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-131","volume":"6","author":"DL Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith DL, Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI. Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate. Malar J. 2007;6:131.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3214_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70069-0","volume":"8","author":"SI Hay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hay SI, Smith DL, Snow RW. Measuring malaria endemicity from intense to interrupted transmission. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:369\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3214_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030473","volume":"3","author":"SI Hay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hay SI, Snow RW. The Malaria Atlas Project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e473.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3214_CR10","unstructured":"Malaria Atlas Project. The global spatial limits of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission for 2010: description of input data and methodology. 2010; pp. 1\u201318."},{"key":"3214_CR11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The prevention of malaria","author":"R Ross","year":"1910","unstructured":"Ross R. The prevention of malaria. London: Dutton; 1910. p. 1\u2013130."},{"key":"3214_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000048","volume":"6","author":"SI Hay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, et al. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000048.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3214_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00790.x","volume":"6","author":"I Kleinschmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt I, Omumbo J, Bri\u00ebt O, van de Giesen N, Sogoba N, Mensah NK, et al. An empirical malaria distribution map for West Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6:779\u201386.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3214_CR14","unstructured":"NIPOST. Post Offices-with map of LGA. 2009. http:\/\/www.nipost.gov.ng\/postcode.aspx. Accessed 28 July 2014."},{"key":"3214_CR15","unstructured":"Climate of Sokoto. Climate\/Africa\/Nigeria\/Sokoto. 2015. http:\/\/en.climate-data.org\/location\/4737\/. Accessed 2 Sept 2015."},{"key":"3214_CR16","first-page":"461","volume":"6","author":"MA Abdulrahim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdulrahim MA, Ifabiyi IP, Ismaila A. Time series analysis of mean monthly rainfall for drought management in Sokoto, Nigeria. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manag. 2013;6:461\u201370.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Environ Stud Manag"},{"key":"3214_CR17","volume-title":"Nigeria malaria indicator survey (MIS) 2010","author":"NPC","year":"2012","unstructured":"NPC, NMCP, ICF International. Nigeria malaria indicator survey (MIS) 2010. NPC: Abuja; 2012."},{"key":"3214_CR18","first-page":"121","volume":"3","author":"LW Hackett","year":"1944","unstructured":"Hackett LW. Spleen measurement in malaria. J Nat Malaria Soc. 1944;3:121\u201333.","journal-title":"J Nat Malaria Soc"},{"key":"3214_CR19","unstructured":"WHO. Treatment of severe malaria. In: Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. p. 71\u201388."},{"key":"3214_CR20","volume-title":"Basic malaria microscopy","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. Basic malaria microscopy. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3214_CR21","first-page":"140","volume":"29","author":"C Kaufmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaufmann C, Briegel H. Flight performance of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus. J Vector Ecol. 2004;29:140\u201353.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"3214_CR22","unstructured":"Malaria Atlas Project. Pf parasite rate. MAPS data. 2014. p. 1. http:\/\/www.map.ox.ac.uk\/explorer\/. Accessed 01 June 2016."},{"key":"3214_CR23","unstructured":"Malaria Atlas Project. Malaria map of Africa. Maps.\u00a02016. p. 1. http:\/\/www.map.ox.ac.uk\/. Accessed 10 May 2016."},{"key":"3214_CR24","first-page":"2016","volume-title":"Nigeria malaria indicator survey 2015: key indicators","author":"National Malaria Elimination Programmme","year":"2015","unstructured":"National Malaria Elimination Programmme, National Population Commission, National Bureau of Statistics, ICF International. Nigeria malaria indicator survey 2015: key indicators. Abuja: National Malaria Elimination Programmme, National Population Commission, National Bureau of Statistics, ICF International; 2015. p. 2016."},{"key":"3214_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-378","volume":"10","author":"PW Gething","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Elyazar IRF, Johnston GL, et al. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malar J. 2011;10:378.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3214_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70096-7","volume":"10","author":"WP O\u2019Meara","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara WP, Mangeni JN, Steketee R, Greenwood B. Changes in the burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:545\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3214_CR27","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2003","author":"National Population Commission Nigeria","year":"2004","unstructured":"National Population Commission Nigeria, Macro ORC, MEASURE\/DHS\u2009+\u2009Program. Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2003. Abuja: National Population Commission Nigeria; 2004."},{"key":"3214_CR28","first-page":"2009","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2008","author":"National Population Commission Nigeria","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Population Commission Nigeria, Macro I. Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2008. Abuja: National Population Commission Nigeria; 2009. p. 2009."},{"key":"3214_CR29","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey 2013","author":"National Population Commission Nigeria","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Population Commission Nigeria. Nigeria demographic and health survey 2013. National Population Commission Nigeria: Abuja; 2014."},{"key":"3214_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.145630","volume":"13","author":"N Jiya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiya N, Sani U, Jiya F, Ameh B. Prevalence of uncomplicated malaria in a paediatric out patient department of a tertiary health institution in Sokoto, Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2010;13:29\u201334.","journal-title":"Sahel Med J"},{"key":"3214_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-168","volume":"14","author":"GS Noland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noland GS, Graves PM, Sallau A, Eigege A, Emukah E, Patterson AE, et al. Malaria prevalence, anemia and baseline intervention coverage prior to mass net distributions in Abia and Plateau States, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:168.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3214_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4314\/afrrev.v5i5.21","volume":"5","author":"OC Nwaorgu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nwaorgu OC, Orajaka BN. Prevalence of malaria among children 1\u201310\u00a0years old in communities in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State South East Nigeria. Afr Res Rev. 2011;5:264\u201381.","journal-title":"Afr Res Rev"},{"key":"3214_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60154-6","volume":"6","author":"CH Houben","year":"2013","unstructured":"Houben CH, Fleischmann H, G\u00fcckel M. Malaria prevalence in north-eastern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2013;6:865\u20138.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"3214_CR34","first-page":"7101","volume":"8","author":"K Abdullahi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdullahi K, Abubakar U, Adamu T, Daneji A, Aliyu R, Jiya N, et al. Malaria in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009;8:7101\u20135.","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3214_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002081","volume":"3","author":"AM Noor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Noor AM, Moloney G, Borle M, Fegan GW, Shewchuk T, Snow RW. The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2081.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T17:26:39Z","timestamp":1722705999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03214-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Independent Ethics committee of Usmanu Danfoidyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria with Ethical approval number UDUTH\/HREC\/2014\/No. 246. Ethical approval was also obtained from the Independent Ethical committee of the Sokoto State Ministry of Health with the Approval number SMH\/1580\/VIV. Permission was also obtained from the district heads of the included communities in the study to visit the communities. All recruited subjects\u2019 parents were required to provide written informed consent which was in English or Hausa, depending on the preferred language of the respondents\u2019 caregivers. Treatment of children found to have malaria was a priority for children irrespective of whether they agreed to continue participation in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"149"}}