{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T18:14:41Z","timestamp":1794507281794,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds d'Impulsion de le Recherche Scientifique et Technique- FIRST-Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieuret de la Recherche du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      population. However, persistent low-level malaria transmission may hamper efforts to eliminate the disease. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the vector population is needed in order to improve knowledge of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      biting behaviour and to readjust control interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2015,\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected every month for a whole year and each specimen was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The biting pattern of each species was analysed according to night (7\u00a0pm\u20137am) and morning (7am\u201311am) periods, the place of biting and the season. The ELISA CSP technique was used to assess the\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      sporozoite rate to evaluate the entomological inoculation rate (EIR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto were found to be the main vectors biting humans. Overall, the biting rate was low, at 3.84bites per night (bpn) and 1.27 bites per morning (bpm), respectively (IRR\u2009=\u20093.04, CI [1.84\u20135.00], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The EIR was 2.51 and 5.03 infectious bites per year during the night and morning, respectively. During the night, the\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biting rate was 1.81 bpn and 1.71 bpn, respectively (IRR\u2009=\u20090.95, CI [0.46\u20131.92], p\u2009=\u20090.88). During the morning, their density decreased to 0.51\u00a0bpm and 0.73\u00a0bpm for\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively (IRR\u2009=\u20091.47, CI [0.58\u20133.71], p\u2009=\u20090.41). During the night and the morning, no specific trend of indoor or outdoor biting was observed in the dry and rainy season for both vectors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlighted low level\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      nocturnal and diurnal biting and the associated risk of malaria transmission. It showed also the influence of the season on the indoor and outdoor biting pattern, indicating that the human population could be exposed all year round to a low level of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      bites. Control programmes should increase awareness of the use of bed nets throughout the year and promote the development and implementation of complimentary tools to target\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      biting shortly after dawn when people are still indoors\u00a0and outside the bed nets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T09:26:17Z","timestamp":1593163577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus biting patterns in Dielmo, an area of low level exposure to malaria vectors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souleymane","family":"Doucoure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Thiaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9l\u00e9 N.","family":"Wotodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Bouganali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafisatou","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3302_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2019 [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 20]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/world-malaria-report-2019."},{"key":"3302_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. About the WHO Global Malaria Programme [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization [cited 2020 Jan 22]. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/about_us\/en\/."},{"key":"3302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0485","volume":"92","author":"AN Wotodjo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wotodjo AN, Diagne N, Gaudart J, Richard V, Raoult D, Sokhna C. Malaria risk factors in Dielmo, a Senegalese malaria-endemic village, between October and November of 2013: a case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:565\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0871-9","volume":"8","author":"AN Wotodjo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wotodjo AN, Richard V, Boyer S, Doucoure S, Diagne N, Tour\u00e9-Bald\u00e9 A, et al. The implication of long-lasting insecticide-treated net use in the resurgence of malaria morbidity in a Senegal malaria endemic village in 2010\u20132011. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:267.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2019.03.005","volume":"34","author":"D Carrasco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carrasco D, Lef\u00e8vre T, Moiroux N, Pennetier C, Chandre F, Cohuet A. Behavioural adaptations of mosquito vectors to insecticide control. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2019;34:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"3302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-80","volume":"10","author":"TL Russell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Russell TL, Govella NJ, Azizi S, Drakeley CJ, Kachur SP, Killeen GF. Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania. Malar J. 2011;10:80.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0009","volume":"98","author":"S Sougoufara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sougoufara S, Thiaw O, Cailleau A, Diagne N, Harry M, Bouganali C, et al. The impact of periodic distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticidal-treated bed nets on malaria vector dynamics and human exposure in Dielmo. Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:1343\u201352.","journal-title":"Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-133","volume":"10","author":"H Bugoro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bugoro H, Cooper RD, Butafa C, Iro\u2019ofa C, Mackenzie DO, Chen CC, et al. Bionomics of the malaria vector Anopheles farauti in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: issues for malaria elimination. Malar J. 2011;10:133.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-125","volume":"13","author":"S Sougoufara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sougoufara S, Di\u00e9dhiou SM, Doucour\u00e9 S, Diagne N, Semb\u00e8ne PM, Harry M, et al. Biting by Anopheles funestus in broad daylight after use of long-lasting insecticidal nets: a new challenge to malaria elimination. Malar J. 2014;13:125.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis565","volume":"206","author":"N Moiroux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moiroux N, Gomez MB, Pennetier C, Elanga E, Dj\u00e8nontin A, Chandre F, et al. Changes in Anopheles funestus biting behavior following universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1622\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2234-4","volume":"17","author":"C Prussing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prussing C, Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Gamboa D, Alava F, et al. Decreasing proportion of Anopheles darlingi biting outdoors between long-lasting insecticidal net distributions in peri-Iquitos Amazonian Peru. Malar J. 2018;17:86.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15086","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820646116","volume":"116","author":"E Sherrard-Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sherrard-Smith E, Skarp JE, Beale AD, Fornadel C, Norris LC, Moore SJ, et al. Mosquito feeding behavior and how it influences residual malaria transmission across Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:15086\u201395.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.123","volume":"51","author":"JF Trape","year":"1994","unstructured":"Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, et al. The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;51:123\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3302_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"MT Gillies","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gillies MT, Coetzee M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publ South Afr Inst Med Res. 1987;55:1\u2013143.","journal-title":"Publ South Afr Inst Med Res"},{"key":"3302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-125","volume":"5","author":"EE Wilkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilkins EE, Howell PI, Benedict MQ. IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J. 2006;5:125.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.804","volume":"66","author":"LL Koekemoer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M. A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66:804\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90158-5","volume":"63","author":"RA Wirtz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wirtz RA, Ballou WR, Schneider I, Chedid L, Gross MJ, Young JF, et al. Plasmodium falciparum: immunogenicity of circumsporozoite protein constructs produced in Escherichia coli. Exp Parasit. 1987;63:166\u201372.","journal-title":"Exp Parasit"},{"key":"3302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.247","volume":"56","author":"D Fontenille","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fontenille D, Lochouarn L, Diagne N, Sokhna C, Lemasson JJ, Diatta M, et al. High annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in Dielmo, a holoendemic area in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56:247\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3302_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.008","volume":"150","author":"PM Wamae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wamae PM, Githeko AK, Otieno GO, Kabiru EW, Duombia SO. Early biting of the Anopheles gambiae and its challenges to vector control using insecticide treated nets in western Kenya highlands. Acta Trop. 2015;150:136\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"3302_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2011.00955.x","volume":"26","author":"M Yohannes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yohannes M, Boelee E. Early biting rhythm in the Afro-tropical vector of malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in Ethiopia. Med Vet Entomol. 2012;26:103\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"3302_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3271-0","volume":"12","author":"GE Duffield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duffield GE, Acri DJ, George GF, Sheppard AD, Beebe NW, Ritchie SA, et al. Diel flight activity of wild-caught Anopheles farauti (s.s.) and An. hinesorum malaria mosquitoes from northern Queensland, Australia. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:48.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3302_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2196-3","volume":"10","author":"AD Sheppard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sheppard AD, Rund SSC, George GF, Clark E, Acri DJ, Duffield GE. Light manipulation of mosquito behaviour: acute and sustained photic suppression of biting activity in the Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquito. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:255.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3302_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179528","volume":"12","author":"AN Wotodjo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wotodjo AN, Doucoure S, Gaudart J, Diagne N, Diene Sarr F, Faye N, et al. Malaria in Dielmo, a Senegal village: is its elimination possible after seven years of implementation of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets? PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0179528.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3302_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3201-1","volume":"11","author":"TR Burkot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burkot TR, Bugoro H, Apairamo A, Cooper RD, Echeverry DF, Odabasi D, et al. Spatial-temporal heterogeneity in malaria receptivity is best estimated by vector biting rates in areas nearing elimination. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:606.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3302_CR25","unstructured":"WHO. From malaria control to malaria elimination: a manual for elimination scenario planning [Internet]. Geneva, World Health Organization [cited 2020 Jan 30]. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241507028\/en\/."},{"key":"3302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.003","volume":"121","author":"R Chuquiyauri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chuquiyauri R, Paredes M, Pe\u00f1ataro P, Torres S, Marin S, Tenorio A, et al. Socio-demographics and the development of malaria elimination strategies in the low transmission setting. Acta Trop. 2012;121:292\u2013302.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"3302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182189","volume":"12","author":"M Niang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niang M, Thiam LG, Sane R, Diagne N, Talla C, Doucoure S, et al. Substantial asymptomatic submicroscopic Plasmodium carriage during dry season in low transmission areas in Senegal: Implications for malaria control and elimination. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0182189.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3302_CR28","first-page":"354","volume":"29","author":"C Sokhna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sokhna C, Bass\u00e9ne H, Diatta G, Diagne N, Doucour\u00e9 S, Diallo A, et al. The University Hospital Institute Mediterrann\u00e9e Infection from Marseille to Dakar. Med Sante Trop. 2019;29:354\u201360.","journal-title":"Med Sante Trop"},{"key":"3302_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1194-9","volume":"15","author":"TL Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell TL, Beebe NW, Bugoro H, Apairamo A, Collins FH, Cooper RD, et al. Anopheles farauti is a homogeneous population that blood feeds early and outdoors in the Solomon Islands. Malar J. 2016;15:151.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-380","volume":"7","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bayoh MN, Walker ED, Kosgei J, Ombok M, Olang GB, Githeko AK, et al. Persistently high estimates of late night, indoor exposure to malaria vectors despite high coverage of insecticide treated nets. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:380.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3302_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12171","volume":"30","author":"S Sougoufara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sougoufara S, Harry M, Doucour\u00e9 S, Semb\u00e8ne PM, Sokhna C. Shift in species composition in the Anopheles gambiae complex after implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Dielmo Senegal. Med Vet Entomol. 2016;30:365\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"3302_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1992-8","volume":"16","author":"S Sougoufara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sougoufara S, Sokhna C, Diagne N, Doucour\u00e9 S, Semb\u00e8ne PM, Harry M. The implementation of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets has differential effects on the genetic structure of the African malaria vectors in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Dielmo, Senegal. Malar J. 2017;16:337.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2276-7","volume":"17","author":"O Thiaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thiaw O, Doucour\u00e9 S, Sougoufara S, Bouganali C, Konat\u00e9 L, Diagne N, et al. Investigating insecticide resistance and knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation in Dielmo, Senegal, an area under long lasting insecticidal-treated nets universal coverage for 10\u00a0years. Malar J. 2018;17:123.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3302_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1735-7","volume":"9","author":"B Samb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samb B, Konate L, Irving H, Riveron JM, Dia I, Faye O, et al. Investigating molecular basis of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Senegal. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:449.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T19:46:05Z","timestamp":1624650365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03302-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-24165\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-24165\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ministry of Health of Senegal and the assembly of the Dielmo population.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"230"}}