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However, the emergence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> histidine rich protein 2 and 3 (<jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3)<\/jats:italic> gene deletions threatens their usefulness as malaria diagnostic and surveillance tools. The <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> gene deletions surveillance was conducted in <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasite populations in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three-hundred (n\u2009=\u2009300) <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> isolates collected from cross-sectional malaria surveys in symptomatic individuals in 48 districts of eastern and western Uganda were analysed for the presence of <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genes. Presence of parasite DNA was confirmed by PCR amplification of the <jats:italic>18s rRNA<\/jats:italic> gene<jats:italic>, msp1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>msp2<\/jats:italic> single copy genes. Presence or absence of deletions was confirmed by amplification of exon1 and exon2 of <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> using gene specific PCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> gene deletions were detected in 29\/300 (9.7%, 95% CI 6.6\u201313.6%) parasite isolates. The <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> gene was deleted in 10\/300 (3.3%, 95% CI 1.6\u20136.0%) isolates, <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> in 9\/300 (3.0%, 95% CI 1.4\u20135.6%) while both <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> were deleted in 10\/300 (3.3%, 95% CI 1.6\u20136.0%) parasite isolates. Proportion of <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> deletions was higher in the eastern 14.7% (95% CI 9.7\u201320.0%) compared to the western region 3.1% (95% CI 0.8\u20137.7%), p\u2009=\u20090.001. Geographical location was associated with gene deletions aOR 6.25 (2.02\u201323.55), p\u2009=\u20090.003.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first large-scale survey reporting the presence of <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> gene deletions in <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> isolates in Uganda. Roll out of RDTs for malaria diagnosis should take into consideration the existence of <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> gene deletions particularly in areas where they were detected. Periodic <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> surveys are recommended to inform future decisions for deployment of alternative RDTs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T04:00:32Z","timestamp":1598414432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Molecular surveillance reveals the presence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions in Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Uganda, 2017\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bosco B.","family":"Agaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karryn","family":"Gresty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaniter I.","family":"Nankabirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adoke","family":"Yeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Opigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gonahasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Namubiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mbaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bora","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Seung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Karamagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan K.","family":"Nakayaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3362_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Sci Rep. 2013;3:2797.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T15:03:27Z","timestamp":1644332607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Following the original publication of this article, the name of author Bosco B. Agaba has been corrected: previously, the name had been miswritten as Agaba B. Bosco.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the primary study was obtained from the Makerere University School of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee, the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee, and the University of California, San Francisco Committee on Human Research. Ethical approval to access and use participants\u2019 samples from the primary study was obtained from the school of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (SOMREC), the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST) and the Australian Department of Defence and Veterans\u2019 Affairs Human Research Ethics Committee (DDVA HREC 096-18).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors read and approved the manuscript for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"300"}}