{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:52:33Z","timestamp":1777398753198,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"US President's Malaria Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are largely responsible for the gains made in the proportion of malaria cases confirmed with a parasitological test. However, quality assurance programs to support their use remain a challenge. A dried tube specimen (DTS) method was developed that showed potential for use as a stable source of quality control (QC) sample for RDTs and for use in external quality assessments or proficiency testing (PT). DTS was further assessed with focus on sample stability under field settings in Benin and Liberia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>DTS were prepared using <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> 3D7 or W2 strains at concentrations of 1000, 500 or 0 parasites\/\u00b5L and tested for baseline reactivity at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta before shipping. In Benin and Liberia, DTS were stored under refrigeration in a reference laboratory (RL) or in health centres under ambient temperatures. Seven rounds of testing were performed at 4-week intervals during which DTS were tested on RDTs stored at the RL or at health centres. Observed DTS reactivity at the RL and health centres were compared to expected reactivity to determine DTS stability. DTS were also assembled into a PT panel and tested by health facility staff at the mid and end time-points of the study. Daily maximum and minimum storage temperatures for RDTs and DTS were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Benin, DTS, irrespective of storage conditions, produced the expected reactivity at all time points. However, evidence of degradation was observed at weeks 20 and 24 for DTS stored at ambient temperatures at the health centres and not those stored under refrigeration at the RL. In Liberia, sample degradation was observed starting at week 8 especially among DTS stored at the health facilities. The degradation was associated with prolonged storage of DTS under ambient temperature prior to study commencement and less than optimal storage temperatures at the RL. Use of DTS in a PT enabled identification of health worker errors in performing the tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>DTS is a feasible tool for use as QC material and for PT under field conditions. Long-term (&gt;\u20095\u00a0months) storage of DTS requires refrigeration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1597240953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stability testing of dried Plasmodium falciparum positive quality control samples for malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Liberia and Benin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Saliou","family":"Ramani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry T.","family":"Kohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves Eric","family":"Denon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christie M.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Aidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3364_CR1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3364_CR2","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2019","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019."},{"key":"3364_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019753","volume":"6","author":"M Mubi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mubi M, Janson A, Warsame M, M\u00e5rtensson A, K\u00e4llander K, Petzold MG, et al. Malaria rapid testing by community health workers is effective and safe for targeting malaria treatment: randomised cross-over trial in Tanzania. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19753.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3364_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0800","volume":"87","author":"H Counihan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Counihan H, Harvey SA, Sekeseke-Chinyama M, Hamainza B, Banda R, Malambo T, et al. Community health workers use malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) safely and accurately: results of a longitudinal study in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:57.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3364_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1086-z","volume":"15","author":"DA Danquah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Danquah DA, Buabeng KO, Asante KP, Mahama E, Bart-Plange C, Owusu-Dabo E. Malaria case detection using rapid diagnostic test at the community level in Ghana: consumer perception and practitioners\u2019 experiences. Malar J. 2016;15:34.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3364_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-121","volume":"11","author":"D Mukanga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mukanga D, Tibenderana JK, Peterson S, Pariyo GW, Kiguli J, Waiswa P, et al. Access, acceptability and utilization of community health workers using diagnostics for case management of fever in Ugandan children: a cross-sectional study. Malar J. 2012;11:121.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3364_CR7","unstructured":"Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: summary results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 1\u20137 (2008\u20132016). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"3364_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0498","volume":"96","author":"D Bell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bell D, Bwanika JB, Cunningham J, Gatton M, Gonz\u00e1lez IJ, Hopkins H, et al. Prototype positive control wells for malaria rapid diagnostic tests: prospective evaluation of implementation among health workers in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic and Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:319\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3364_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-239","volume":"11","author":"M Aidoo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aidoo M, Patel JC, Barnwell JW. Dried Plasmodium falciparum-infected samples as positive controls for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 2012;11:239.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3364_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-014-0524-z","volume":"14","author":"A Tamiru","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tamiru A, Boulanger L, Chang MA, Malone JL, Aidoo M. Field assessment of dried Plasmodium falciparum samples for malaria rapid diagnostic test quality control and proficiency testing in Ethiopia. Malar J. 2015;14:11.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3364_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146700","volume":"11","author":"S Mwangala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mwangala S, Musonda KG, Monze M, Musukwa KK, Fylkesnes K. Accuracy in HIV rapid testing among laboratory and non-laboratory personnel in Zambia: observations from the national HIV proficiency testing system. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0146700.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3364_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0353","volume":"32","author":"G Alemnji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alemnji G, Guevara G, Parris K, Kalou M, Behel S, Parekh B, et al. Improving the quality of and access to HIV rapid testing in the Caribbean Region: program implementation, outcomes, and recommendations. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32:879.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T23:45:59Z","timestamp":1628725559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03364-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The protocol for this study was reviewed by the Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, and determined to be non-human research and therefore exempt from full institutional review board review. The protocol was also reviewed and approved by the Benin National Malaria Control Program and the Institutional Review Board of the Liberia Ministry of Health. A French-translated version of the protocol was reviewed in Benin.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All individuals listed in the author list approved the manuscript for publication and agreed to be authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors have no financial or other conflicts of interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"288"}}