{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:39:40Z","timestamp":1770705580962,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unitaid","award":["Market intervention to accelerate uptake of new vector control tools"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Market intervention to accelerate uptake of new vector control tools"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Mali has had recent success decreasing malaria transmission using 3rd generation indoor residual spraying (IRS) products in areas with pyrethroid resistance, primarily in S\u00e9gou and Koulikoro Regions. In 2015, national survey data showed that Mopti Region had the highest under 5-year-old (u5) malaria prevalence at 54%\u2014nearly twice the national average\u2014despite having high access to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Accordingly, in 2016 the NMCP and other stakeholders shifted IRS activities from S\u00e9gou to Mopti. Here, the results of a series of observational analyses utilizing routine malaria indicators to evaluate the impact of this switch are presented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A set of retrospective, eco-observational time-series analyses were performed using monthly incidence rates of rapid diagnostic test (RDT)-confirmed malaria cases reported in the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) from January 2016 until February 2018. Comparisons of case incidence rates were made between health facility catchments from the same region that differed in IRS status (IRS vs. no-IRS) to describe the general impact of the 2016 and 2017 IRS campaigns, and a difference-in-differences approach comparing changes in incidence from year-to-year was used to describe the effect of suspending IRS operations in S\u00e9gou and introducing IRS operations in Mopti in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared to communities with no IRS, cumulative case incidence rates in IRS communities were reduced 16% in S\u00e9gou Region during the 6\u00a0months following the 2016 campaign and 31% in Mopti Region during the 6\u00a0months following the 2017 campaign, likely averting a total of more than 22,000 cases of malaria that otherwise would have been expected during peak transmission months. Across all comparator health facilities (HFs) where there was no IRS in either year, peak malaria case incidence rates fell by an average of 22% (CI<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> 18\u201330%) from 2016 to 2017. At HFs in communities of Mopti where IRS was introduced in 2017, peak incidence fell by an average of 42% (CI<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> 31\u201363%) between these years, a significantly greater decrease (p\u2009=\u20090.040) almost double what was seen in the comparator HFCAs. The opposite effect was observed in S\u00e9gou Region, where peak incidence at those HFs where IRS was withdrawn after the 2016 campaign increased by an average of 106% (CI<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> 63\u2013150%) from year to year, also a significant difference-in-differences compared to the comparator no-IRS HFs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Annual IRS campaigns continue to make dramatic contributions to the seasonal reduction of malaria transmission in communities across central Mali, where IRS campaigns were timed in advance of peak seasonal transmission and utilized a micro-encapsulated product with an active ingredient that was of a different class than the one found on the LLINs used throughout the region and to which local malaria vectors were shown to be susceptible. Strategies to help mitigate the resurgence of malaria cases that can be expected should be prioritized whenever the suspension of IRS activities in a particular region is considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1600506164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Rapid reduction of malaria transmission following the introduction of indoor residual spraying in previously unsprayed districts: an observational analysis of Mopti Region, Mali, in 2017"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Wagman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idrissa","family":"Ciss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diakalkia","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Fomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Mihigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Bankineza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diadier","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Gogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenzie","family":"Tynuv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Saibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason H.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christen","family":"Fornadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Slutsker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3414_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2018. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2018\/report\/en\/."},{"key":"3414_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2014. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2014. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/en\/."},{"key":"3414_CR3","unstructured":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 au Mali 2012\u20132013. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Cellule de Planification et de Statistique (CPS\/SSDSPF), Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT\/MPATP), INFO-STAT et ICF International; 2014."},{"key":"3414_CR4","unstructured":"Enqu\u00eate sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Mali 2015. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), INFO-STAT et ICF International; 2016."},{"key":"3414_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2573-1","volume":"17","author":"K Kayentao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kayentao K, Florey LS, Mihigo J, Doumbia A, Diallo A, Kon\u00e9 D, et al. Impact evaluation of malaria control interventions on morbidity and all-cause child mortality in Mali, 2000\u20132012. Malar J. 2018;17:424.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3414_CR6","unstructured":"U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative (PMI) Mali. Malaria operational plan FY 2018. Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2017. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/where-we-work\/mali."},{"key":"3414_CR7","unstructured":"PMI. The PMI Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. 2012 Mali end of spray report. Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2012. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/implementing-partner-reports\/mali-end-of-spray-report-2012-indoor-residual-spraying-(irs-2)-task-order-four-africa-irs-(airs)-project.pdf?sfvrsn=4."},{"key":"3414_CR8","unstructured":"PMI. The PMI Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. 2014 Mali end of spray report. Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2014. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/implementing-partner-reports\/mali-end-of-spray-report-2014.pdf."},{"key":"3414_CR9","unstructured":"PMI. The PMI Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Six. Mali: entomological monitoring of 2017 IRS activities. Final report. 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Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2016. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/where-we-work\/mali."},{"key":"3414_CR13","unstructured":"PMI. The PMI Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. 2016 Mali end of spray report. Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2017. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/."},{"key":"3414_CR14","unstructured":"PMI. The PMI Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. 2017 Mali end of spray report. Bethesda, MD: AIRS Project, Abt Associates Inc.; 2018. https:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/."},{"key":"3414_CR15","unstructured":"DNP. Population of Mali. Direction Nationale de la Population, Republique du Mali; 2015. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/population-of-mali-disaggregated-by-gender-and-by-commune-2015."},{"key":"3414_CR16","unstructured":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 au Mali 2018. 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Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 2018;99 (Supplement 4). https:\/\/www.abstractsonline.com\/pp8\/#!\/4692\/presentation\/17765."}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T23:08:06Z","timestamp":1632006486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03414-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research protocol was reviewed by the PATH Research Determination Committee and was determined not to meet the definition of research involving human subjects, per US Code of Federal Regulations 45 CFR 46 (PATH RDC#01026).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"340"}}