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However, in the micro-environment, the extent of genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites remain largely unknown. In this study therefore, the complexity of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in households was investigated among symptomatic siblings, living under the same roof in north-central Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children were enrolled into the study if they were at least two from a household and presented with symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. Clinical malaria was confirmed by light microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood spots on filter paper. Molecular characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates was done by allele-specific nested PCR of the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-three children from 43 households were enrolled into this study. A total of 26 different\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleles were identified from 215 fragments (range: 180\u2013480\u00a0bp). Majority of the isolates [65.6% (n\u2009=\u200961)] were polyclonal infections consisting of 2\u20136 clones and were significantly more common with the FC27 allelic family (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036). The multiplicity of infection (MOI) per household ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 while the overall MOI in the study population was 2.31. The pattern of distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allele types among the households fell into two categories: households where both\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allele types (FC27 and 3D7) were present; households where only one\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allele type (FC27 or 3D7) was present. Majority of the households [88.4% (n\u2009=\u200938)], had both\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allele types but they were disproportionately distributed among the children while in a few households [11.6% (n\u2009=\u20095)], all the children were infected with only one type of\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allele.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings showed that\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibit remarkable degree of genetic diversity in the micro-environment and are composed mainly of multiclonal infections, which is an indication of a high ongoing parasite transmission. This suggests that the micro-environment is an important area of focus for malaria control interventions and for evaluating intervention programmes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03415-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T07:05:01Z","timestamp":1600239901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the microenvironment among siblings of the same household in North-Central Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9859-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Segun Isaac","family":"Oyedeji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Usman","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Adeola","family":"Oyedeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olusola","family":"Ojurongbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrietta Oluwatoyin","family":"Awobode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/524888","volume":"46","author":"J Cox-Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cox-Singh J, Davis TM, Lee KS, Shamsul SS, Matusop A, Ratnam S, et al. 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