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Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were<jats:italic>Nyssorhynchus albimanus<\/jats:italic>, 3<jats:italic>Anopheles calderoni<\/jats:italic>(n\u2009=\u20093), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00\u00a0h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2\/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03426-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T13:04:27Z","timestamp":1601643867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Hendershot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n Alejandro","family":"Sa\u00e1 Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Vera-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibiana E.","family":"Salazar-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Bustillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n E.","family":"Sa\u00e9nz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Oca\u00f1a-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Koepfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil F.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3426_CR1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. 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Community inhabitants that participated in mosquito collections were informed on activities, risks and benefits, the voluntary nature of participation, and the freedom to stop participating in the study at any time without the need of explanations. All participants had a warranty of health attention and free rapid test for malaria and treatment, if needed, at the Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ecuador. The study obtained ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (2019-83-EO, O13087-QINV0084), and the Ministry of Health of Ecuador (MSP-DIS-2019-0041-O) Quito, Ecuador. No adverse events were reported during this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"354"}}