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Widespread use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) across sub-Saharan Africa, which protect humans against mosquitoes, may select for altered host preference traits of malaria vectors over the long term. Here, the host preferences of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto (s.s.) were experimentally assessed in the field, using direct host-preference assays in two distinct ecological settings in Tanzania.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT), four baited with humans and four with bovine calves, were simultaneously used to catch malaria vectors in open field sites in urban and rural Tanzania. The numbers of mosquitoes collected in human-baited traps\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      calf-baited traps were used to estimate human feeding preference for each site's vector species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The estimated proportion [95% confidence interval (CI)] of mosquitoes attacking humans rather than cattle was 0.60 [0.40, 0.77] for\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the rural setting and 0.61 [0.32, 0.85] for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the urban setting, indicating no preference for either host in both cases (P\u2009=\u20090.32 and 0.46, respectively) and no difference in preference between the two (Odds Ratio (OR) [95%]\u2009=\u20090.95 [0.30, 3.01],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.924). However, only a quarter of\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the urban setting attacked humans (0.25 [0.09, 0.53]), indicating a preference for cattle that approached significance (P\u2009=\u20090.08). Indeed, urban\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were less likely to attack humans rather than cattle when compared to the same species in the rural setting (OR [95%]\u2009=\u20090.21 [0.05, 0.91],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.037).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urban\n                      <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      had a stronger preference for cattle than the rural population and urban\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s.<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed no clear preference for either humans or cattle. In the urban setting, both species exhibited stronger tendencies to attack cattle than previous studies of the same species in rural contexts. Cattle keeping may, therefore, particularly limit the impact of human-targeted vector control interventions in Dar es Salaam and perhaps in other African towns and cities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03495-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T06:03:42Z","timestamp":1605852222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Reduced human-biting preferences of the African malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in an urban context: controlled, competitive host-preference experiments in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8879-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeromin P.","family":"Mlacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prosper 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The volunteer was provided with informed consent after a verbal explanation about study design in the local language. Before participation and after the experimentation days, participants were screened by a trained clinician for malaria parasite using a rapid diagnostic test (mRDT), and none was found positive. In case they were found positive, they would be treated free of charge following the national guideline of malaria treatment and withdrawn from the study. Information sheets of the informed consent included assurance of confidentiality, voluntary participation, potential risks, and benefit associated with the study. They also had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without justification.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"As part of the consenting procedure and information sheet\u2019s content, they also included a request that results obtained will be disseminated through scientific articles to reach broad audiences, including academics. The permission to publish was thereafter obtained from the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Tanzania that has the legal mandate to approve publications of results from public health research data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"418"}}