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However, evidence on HIV-\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-infection (HIV\/PvCo) is scarce, with most of the available information related to\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the African continent. It is unclear whether HIV can change the clinical course of vivax malaria and increase the risk of complications. In this study, a systematic review of HIV\/PvCo studies was performed, and recent cases from the Brazilian Amazon were included.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records from a tertiary care centre in the Western Brazilian Amazon (2009\u20132018) were reviewed to identify HIV\/PvCo hospitalized patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcomes are reported. Also, a systematic review of published studies on HIV\/PvCo was conducted. Metadata, number of HIV\/PvCo cases, demographic, clinical, and outcome data were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,048 vivax malaria patients were hospitalized in the 10-year period; 21 (2.0%) were HIV\/PvCo cases, of which 9 (42.9%) had AIDS-defining illnesses. This was the first malaria episode in 11 (52.4%) patients. Seven (33.3%) patients were unaware of their HIV status and were diagnosed on hospitalization. Severe malaria was diagnosed in 5 (23.8%) patients. One patient died. The systematic review search provided 17 articles (12 cross-sectional or longitudinal studies and 5 case report studies). A higher prevalence of studies involved cases in African and Asian countries (35.3 and 29.4%, respectively), and the prevalence of reported co-infections ranged from 0.1 to 60%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reports of HIV\/PvCo are scarce in the literature, with only a few studies describing clinical and laboratory outcomes. Systematic screening for both co-infections is not routinely performed, and therefore the real prevalence of HIV\/PvCo is unknown. This study showed a low prevalence of HIV\/PvCo despite the high prevalence of malaria and HIV locally. Even though relatively small, this is the largest case series to describe HIV\/PvCo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03518-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1609931286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Should we care about Plasmodium vivax and HIV co-infection? 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