{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T02:42:40Z","timestamp":1648867360168},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society of the United Kingdom"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>More than 200 million people live in areas of highly seasonal malaria transmission where Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) was recommended in 2012 by WHO. This strategy is now implemented widely and protected more than 19 million children in 2018. It was previously reported that exposure to SMC reduced antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\u00a0and CSP, but the duration of exposure to SMC up to three 3\u00a0years, had no effect on antibody levels to MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\u00a0and CSP.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was carried out 1\u00a0month after the last dose of SMC had been given to children aged 4\u20135\u00a0years randomly selected from areas where SMC had been given for 2 or 4\u00a0years during the malaria transmission season. A total of 461 children were enrolled, 242 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 4\u00a0years and 219 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 2\u00a0years. Antibody extracted from dry blood spots was used to measure IgG levels to the malaria antigens CSP, MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\u00a0and AMA1 by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of antibodies to MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\u00a0was similar in children who had received SMC for 4\u00a0years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2\u00a0years (85.1 vs 86.0%, ajusted odd ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20091.06, 95% confidence intervals (CI 0.62\u20131.80), p\u2009=\u20090.80). The prevalence of antibodies to AMA-1 and to CSP was not lower in children who received SMC for 4\u00a0years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2\u00a0years (95.3 vs 88.8%, aOR\u2009=\u20093.16, 95% CI 1.44\u20136.95, p\u2009=\u20090.004 for AMA-1; and 91.2 vs 81.9%, aOR\u2009=\u20093.14, 95% CI 1.70\u20135.76, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for CSP). Median antibody levels for anti-MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub> IgG were not significatively inferior in children who had received SMC for four rather than 2 years (0.88 (IQR: 0.64\u20131.15) and 0.95 ((0.68\u20131.15), respectively), anti-CSP (1.30 (1.00\u20131.56) and 1.17 (0.87\u20131.47)), and anti-AMA-1 (1.45 (1.24\u20131.68) and 1.41 (1.17\u20131.64)).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In an area of high seasonal malaria transmission, children who had received SMC for 4 years did not had lower seropositivity or antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\u00a0and CSP compared to children who had received SMC for only 2 years suggesting that children who have received SMC for 4 years may not be more at risk of malaria after the cessation of SMC than children who have received SMC for a shorter period.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03542-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T13:04:57Z","timestamp":1610024697000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of 4 years of seasonal malaria chemoprevention on the acquisition of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Ouelessebougou, Mali"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Almahamoudou","family":"Mahamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djibrilla","family":"Issiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahamadou","family":"Youssouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidi M.","family":"Niambele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harouna M.","family":"Soumare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Attaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Narum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick E.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alassane","family":"Dicko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3542_CR1","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne Publique. Annuaire statistique 2018 du syst\u00e8me local d\u2019information sanitaire du Mali, Bamako, 2018. http:\/\/www.sante.gov.ml\/docs\/AnnuaireSLIS2018VFdu27avril.pdf . Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"3542_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Policy recommendation: seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) for\u00a0Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in highly seasonal transmission areas of the Sahel sub-region in Africa. Geneva, World Health Organization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/who_smc_policy_recommendation\/en\/."},{"key":"3542_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/world-malaria-report-2019"},{"key":"3542_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-123","volume":"7","author":"A Dicko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dicko A, Sagara I, Sissoko MS, Guindo O, Diallo AI, Kone M, et al. 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Written informed consent from parents\/guardians was obtained for all participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}