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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed to identify adult <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species, using the legs or the cephalothorax. The protein repertoire from arthropods can vary according to compartment, but there is no general consensus regarding the anatomic part to be used.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To determine the body part of the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes best suited for the identification of field specimens, a mass spectral library was generated with head, thorax with wings and legs of <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> obtained from reference centres. The MSL was evaluated using two independent panels of 52 and 40 <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> field-collected in Mali and Guinea, respectively. Geographic variability was also tested using the panel from Mali and several databases containing added specimens from Mali and Senegal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using the head and a database without specimens from the same field collection, the proportion of interpretable and correct identifications was significantly higher than using the other body parts at a threshold value of 1.7 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The thorax of engorged specimens was negatively impacted by the blood meal after frozen storage. The addition of specimens from Mali into the database significantly improved the results of Mali panel (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), which became comparable between head and legs. With higher identification scores, the using of the head will allow to decrease the number of technical replicates of protein extract per specimen, which represents a significant improvement for routine use of MALDI-TOF MS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The using of the head of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> may improve the performance of MALDI-TOF MS. Region-specific mass spectrum databases will have to be produced. Further research is needed to improve the standardization in order to share online spectral databases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03557-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T12:14:07Z","timestamp":1610194447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["New assessment of Anopheles vector species identification using MALDI-TOF MS"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Nabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye K.","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye K.","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Sylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Gautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Yattara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou A.","family":"Thera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Braack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Manguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul H.","family":"Beavogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogobara","family":"Doumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Piarroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3557_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.11.014","volume":"10","author":"S Manguin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manguin S, Bangs MJ, Pothikasikorn J, Chareonviriyaphap T. 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For human-landing captures of mosquitoes, the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Medicine Ethical Committee of Mali (No. 2016\/113\/CE\/FMPOS) and the National Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of Guinea (No. 08\/CNERS\/13). The mosquito samples were processed and stored in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) good laboratory practices guidance and documents on mosquito sampling and handling procedures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}