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However, Benin still struggles with questions about IRS cost\u2013benefit and epidemiological impact. Lessons learned and challenges from 10\u00a0years of IRS in Benin to be shared with the stakeholders involved in vector control implementation for decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Entomological parameters have been assessed entomological parameters in IRS communes since 2008. In all IRS intervention communes, decreases in human biting rate (HBR) of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , blood feeding inhibition and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) as compared to control district have been measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EIR was reduced by 80\u201390%, which is encouraging, but should be observed with caution because: (i) the reduction may be insufficient to decrease epidemiological indicators given that the residual EIR in IRS districts is still higher than it is in some regions of stable malaria; (ii) the reduction in EIR is based on comparisons with control communes, but it is difficult to select control areas with the same environmental characteristics as intervention areas; (iii) despite the reduction, half of all mosquitoes that entered IRS-treated houses succeeded in taking human blood meals. Further, there are behaviours among Benin\u2019s population that limit IRS efficacy, including recent data showing that\u2009&gt;\u200990% of people are not protected by IRS between 7 and 10 p.m. This is due to the fact that they remain outdoors and that most people are not protected from mosquito bites after 10 p.m. because they either sleep outdoors without IRS protection or indoors without an ITN. Moreover, people have large amounts of clothing hanging on walls where mosquitoes can rest instead of IRS-treated walls. Finally, other components are important to consider in implementing IRS among which: (i) Vector resistance management strategies are sometimes poorly understood; this is actually different from the need to replace one insecticide with another after the emergence of resistance; (ii) African countries should prepare to finance IRS themselves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To curtail residual malaria transmission, additional interventions able to target vectors escaping IRS should be prioritized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3131-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T04:03:41Z","timestamp":1580184221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Lessons learned, challenges and outlooks for decision-making after a decade of experience monitoring the impact of indoor residual spraying in Benin, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Akogb\u00e9to","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortun\u00e9","family":"Dagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rock","family":"A\u00efkpon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razaki","family":"Oss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert S.","family":"Salako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idelphonse","family":"Ahogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Akinro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sominahouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboubakar","family":"Sidick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fil\u00e9mon","family":"Tokponnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain G.","family":"Padonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-204","volume":"9","author":"MC Akogb\u00e9to","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akogb\u00e9to MC, Padonou GG, Gb\u00e9nou D, Irish S, Yadouleton A. 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Prior to their involvement in this study, voluntary mosquito collectors have been trained and gave their consent. They were checked up, taken care in case of confirmed malaria case and, vaccinated against yellow fever.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45"}}