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Following evidence of associations between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance, the microbiota of\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      .) from Tulukuyi village, Bungoma, Kenya, with differing permethrin resistance profiles were comparatively characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using the CDC bottle bioassay, 133 2\u20133\u2009day-old, virgin, non-blood fed female F\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      progeny of field-caught\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      . were exposed to five times (107.5\u2009\u00b5g\/ml) the discriminating dose of permethrin. Post bioassay, 50 resistant and 50 susceptible mosquitoes were subsequently screened for\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      East and West mutations, and individually processed for microbial analysis using high throughput sequencing targeting the universal bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      47\u2009% of the samples tested (n\u2009=\u2009133) were resistant, and of the 100 selected for further processing, 99\u2009% were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      East and 1\u2009% for\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      West. Overall, 84 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 36 of these shared between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. A total of 20 bacterial taxa\u00a0were unique to the resistant mosquitoes and 28 were unique to the susceptible mosquitoes. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between resistant and susceptible individuals (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F\u2009=\u20092.33, P\u2009=\u20090.001), with presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Sphingobacterium, Lysinibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (all known pyrethroid-degrading taxa), and the radiotolerant\n                      <jats:italic>Rubrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , being significantly associated with resistant mosquitoes. On the other hand, the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Myxococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , was significantly associated with susceptible mosquitoes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first report of distinct microbiota in\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae s.s<\/jats:italic>\n                      . associated with intense pyrethroid resistance. The findings highlight differentially abundant bacterial taxa between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, and further suggest a microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. These results also indicate fixation of the\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      East mutation in this mosquito population, precluding further analysis of its associations with the mosquito microbiota, but presenting the hypothesis that any microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance would be likely of a metabolic nature. Overall, this study lays initial groundwork for understanding microbe-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in African mosquito vectors of malaria, and potentially identifying novel microbial markers of insecticide resistance that could supplement existing vector surveillance tools.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03606-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T17:48:23Z","timestamp":1612806503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Western Kenyan Anopheles gambiae showing intense permethrin resistance harbour distinct microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Omoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Kipsum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Esalimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mili","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Lenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9104-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezekiel Mugendi","family":"Njeru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Ochomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nsa","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3606_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30875\/f309483f-en","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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