{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:56:40Z","timestamp":1790809000988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["424141\/2018-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424141\/2018-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004167","name":"Medicines for Malaria Venture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004167","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As malaria endemic countries strive towards elimination, intensified spatial heterogeneities of local transmission could undermine the effectiveness of traditional intervention policy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The dynamic nature of large-scale and long-term malaria heterogeneity across Brazilian Amazon basin were explored by (1) exploratory analysis of Brazil\u2019s rich clinical malaria reporting database from 2004 to 2018, and (2) adapting Gini coefficient to study the distribution of malaria cases in the region.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As transmission declined, heterogeneity increased with cases clustering into smaller subpopulations across the territory. In 2004, the 1% of health units with the greatest number of cases accounted for 46% of all reported <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> cases, whereas in 2018 52% of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> cases occurred in the top 1% of health units. <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> had lower levels of transmission than <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, and also had greater levels of heterogeneity with 75% of cases occurring in the top 1% of health units. Age and gender stratification of cases revealed peri-domestic and occupational exposure settings that remained relatively stable.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The pathway to decreasing incidence is characterized by higher proportions of cases in males, in adults, due to importation, and caused by <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>. Characterization of spatio-temporal heterogeneity and risk groups can aid stratification for improved malaria control towards elimination with increased heterogeneity potentially allowing for more efficient and cost-effective targeting. Although distinct epidemiological phenomena were clearly observed as malaria transmission declines, the authors argue that there is no canonical path to malaria elimination and a more targeted and dynamic surveillance will be needed if Brazil decides to adopt the elimination target.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T20:35:32Z","timestamp":1613162132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The top 1%: quantifying the unequal distribution of malaria in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Lana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narimane","family":"Nekkab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre M.","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassio","family":"Peterka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Marchesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7472-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Villela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3614_CR1","volume-title":"Report on the situation of malaria in the Americas 2000\u20132015","author":"PAHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"PAHO. Report on the situation of malaria in the Americas 2000\u20132015. Washington: PAHO; 2017."},{"key":"3614_CR2","first-page":"e2017253","volume":"27","author":"RM Braz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Braz RM, Barcellos C. [Analysis of the process of malaria transmission elimination with a spatial approach to incidence variation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2016] (in Portuguese). Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2018;27:e2017253.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"3614_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217615","volume":"14","author":"PF Souza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Souza PF, Xavier DR, Suarez Mutis MC, da Mota JC, Peiter PC, de Matos VP, et al. Spatial spread of malaria and economic frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0217615.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3614_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.8f23fe5f0c2052bfaaa648e6931e4e1a","author":"T Canelas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Canelas T, Castillo-Salgado C, Ribeiro H. Analyzing the local epidemiological profile of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon Between 2010 and 2015. PLoS Curr. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.8f23fe5f0c2052bfaaa648e6931e4e1a.","journal-title":"PLoS Curr."},{"key":"3614_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-115","volume":"9","author":"J Oliveira-Ferreira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lacerda MVG, Brasil P, Ladislau JLB, Tauil PL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Malaria in Brazil: an overview. Malar J. 2010;9:115.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30042-6","volume":"5","author":"AM Siqueira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siqueira AM, Bassat Q, Rodovalho S, Lacerda MVG. Raising the red flag for malaria elimination and integrated fever surveillance in the Brazilian amazon. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e257\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"3614_CR7","first-page":"21","volume":"25","author":"RM Braz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Braz RM, Tauil PL. Santelli ACFES, Fontes CJF [Evaluation of the completeness and timeliness of malaria reporting in the Brazilian Amazon, 2003\u20132012]. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2016;25:21\u201332 (in Portuguese).","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"3614_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392201600285","volume":"46","author":"A Wiefels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiefels A, Wolfarth-Couto B, Filizola N, Durieux L, Mangeas M. Accuracy of the malaria epidemiological surveillance system data in the state of Amazonas. Acta Amazonica. 2016;46:383\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Amazonica"},{"key":"3614_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150041","volume":"110","author":"SM Griffing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Griffing SM, Tauil PL, Udhayakumar V, Silva-Flannery L. A historical perspective on malaria control in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110:701\u201318.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"3614_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1335-1","volume":"15","author":"MU Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira MU, Castro MC. Challenges for malaria elimination in Brazil. Malar J. 2016;15:284.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905315116","volume":"116","author":"AJ MacDonald","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacDonald AJ, Mordecai EA. Amazon deforestation drives malaria transmission, and malaria burden reduces forest clearing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:22212\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3614_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510576103","volume":"103","author":"MC de Castro","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Castro MC, Monte-Mor RL, Sawyer DO, Singer BH. Malaria risk on the Amazon frontier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:2452\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3614_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.12.010","volume":"104","author":"NS da Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"da Silva NS, da Silva-Nunes M, Malafronte RS, Menezes MJ, D\u2019Arcadia RR, Komatsu NT, et al. Epidemiology and control of frontier malaria in Brazil: lessons from community-based studies in rural Amazonia. Trans R Sco Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:343\u201350.","journal-title":"Trans R Sco Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3614_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30757-6","volume":"19","author":"ME Grillet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grillet ME, Hern\u00e1ndez-Villena JV, Llewellyn MS, Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Tami A, Vincenti-Gonzalez MF, et al. Venezuela\u2019s humanitarian crisis, resurgence of vector-borne diseases, and implications for spillover in the region. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e149\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3614_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1957-y","volume":"16","author":"A Rosas-Aguirre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosas-Aguirre A, Guzman-Guzman M, Gamboa D, Chuquiyauri R, Ramirez R, Manrique PC, et al. Micro-heterogeneity of malaria transmission in the Peruvian Amazon: a baseline assessment underlying a population-based cohort study. Malar J. 2017;16:312.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3614_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11861-y","volume":"10","author":"L Cooper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cooper L, Kang SY, Bisanzio D, Maxwell K, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, et al. Pareto rules for malaria super-spreaders and super-spreading. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3939.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3614_CR17","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/. Accessed July 2020."},{"key":"3614_CR18","unstructured":"Indicadores e Dados B\u00e1sicos\u2013IDB\/SUS. www.datasus.gov.br. Accessed July 2020."},{"key":"3614_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2500-5","volume":"17","author":"DA Pfeffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfeffer DA, Lucas TCD, May D, Harris J, Rozier J, Twohig KA, et al. malariaAtlas: an R interface to global malariometric data hosted by the Malaria Atlas Project. Malar J. 2018;17:352.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR20","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Core Team; 2018."},{"key":"3614_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-443","volume":"13","author":"D Valle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valle D, Lima JMT. Large-scale drivers of malaria and priority areas for prevention and control in the Brazilian Amazon region using a novel multi-pathogen geospatial model. Malar J. 2014;13:443.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0947-1","volume":"14","author":"IC dos Reis","year":"2015","unstructured":"dos Reis IC, Codeco CT, Degener CM, Keppeler EC, Muniz MM, de Oliveira FGS, et al. Contribution of fish farming ponds to the production of immature Anopheles spp. in a malaria-endemic Amazonian town. Malar J. 2015;14:452.","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"3614_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02130","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02130","volume":"3","author":"P Bejon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bejon P, Williams TN, Nyundo C, Hay SI, Benz D, Gething PW, et al. A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in Coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots. Elife. 2014;3:e02130.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3614_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2787-7","volume":"11","author":"ACG Almeida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almeida ACG, Kuehn A, Castro AJM, Vitor-Silva S, Figueiredo EFG, Brasil LW, et al. High proportions of asymptomatic and submicroscopic Plasmodium vivax infections in a peri-urban area of low transmission in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:194.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3614_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008988","volume":"5","author":"I Carneiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, et al. Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8988.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3614_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.452","volume":"80","author":"S Ladeia-Andrade","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ladeia-Andrade S, Ferreira MU, de Carvalho ME, Curado I, Coura JR. Age-dependent acquisition of protective immunity to malaria in riverine populations of the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:452\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3614_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01801.x","volume":"12","author":"M Magris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magris M, Rubio-Palis Y, Alexander N, Ruiz B, Galvan N, Frias D, Blanco M, Lines J. Community-randomized trial of lambdacyhalothrin-treated hammock nets for malaria control in Yanomami communities in the Amazon region of Venezuela. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:392\u2013403.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"3614_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000526","volume":"17","author":"MC Castro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castro MC, Baeza A, Code\u00e7o CT, Cucunub\u00e1 ZM, Dal\u2019Asta AP, De Leo GA, et al. Development, environmental degradation, and disease spread in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Biol. 2019;17:e3000526.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"3614_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.140","volume":"73","author":"N Alexander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alexander N, Rodriguez M, Perez L, Caicedo JC, Cruz J, Prieto G, et al. Case-control study of mosquito nets against malaria in the Amazon region of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:140\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3614_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6299","volume":"364","author":"M Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham M, Winter AK, Ferrari M, Grenfell B, Moss WJ, Azman AS, et al. Measles and the canonical path to elimination. Science. 2019;364:584\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3614_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-321","volume":"13","author":"ED Almeida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almeida ED, Rodrigues LCS, Vieira JLF. Estimates of adherence to treatment of vivax malaria. Malar J. 2014;13:321.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30612-1","volume":"19","author":"MVG Lacerda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacerda MVG, Bassat Q. Primaquine for all: is it time to simplify malaria treatment in co-endemic areas? Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:10\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3614_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0204","volume":"95","author":"AM Siqueira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siqueira AM, Mesones-Lapouble O, Marchesini P, Sampaio VS, Brasil P, Tauil PL, et al. Plasmodium vivax landscape in Brazil: scenario and challenges. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3614_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2380-8","volume":"17","author":"K Thriemer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thriemer K, Bobogare A, Ley B, Gudo CS, Alam MS, Anstey NM, et al. Quantifying primaquine effectiveness and improving adherence: a round table discussion of the APMEN Vivax Working Group. Malar J. 2018;17:241.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3614_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1802537","volume":"380","author":"A Llanos-Cuentas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Llanos-Cuentas A, Lacerda MVG, Hien TT, V\u00e9lez ID, Namaik-Larp C, Chu CS, et al. Tafenoquine versus primaquine to prevent relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:229\u201341.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3614_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710775","volume":"380","author":"MVG Lacerda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacerda MVG, Llanos-Cuentas A, Krudsood S, Lon C, Saunders DL, Mohammed R, et al. Single-dose tafenoquine to prevent relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:215\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3614_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30387-9","volume":"8","author":"PC Hallal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hallal PC, Hartwig FP, Horta BL, Silveira MF, Struchiner CJ, Vidaletti LP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in Brazil: results from two successive nationwide serological household surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:e1390\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"3614_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01710-x","volume":"18","author":"SJ Rogerson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Laman M, Poespoprodjo JR, William T, Simpson JA, et al. Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria. BMC Med. 2020;18:239.","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T20:50:19Z","timestamp":1613163019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03614-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study only involved analysis of secondary databases with anonymized information, which did nor require Ethics approval and\/or consent to participate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This work did nor require consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This work received funding from Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) for studying the impact of introduction of tafenoquine in the <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i> control.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}