{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:22:04Z","timestamp":1772166124767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid and sensitive diagnostics are critical tools for clinical case management and public health control efforts. Both capillary and venous blood are currently used for malaria detection and while diagnostic technologies may not be equally sensitive with both materials, the published data on this subject are scarce and not conclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paired clinical samples of venous and capillary blood from 141 febrile individuals in Bo, Sierra Leone, were obtained between January and May 2019 and tested for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites using two multiplexed PCR assays: the FilmArray-based Global Fever Panel (GFP) and the TaqMan-based Malaria Multiplex Sample Ready (MMSR) assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences in\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasite detection between capillary and venous blood for both assays were observed. The GFP assay was more sensitive than MMSR for all markers that could be compared (\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in both venous and capillary blood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No difference was found in malaria detection between venous and capillary blood using two different PCR-based detection assays. This data gives support for use of capillary blood, a material which can be obtained easier by less invasive methods, for PCR-based malaria diagnostics, independent of the platform.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T07:03:08Z","timestamp":1615014188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of capillary and venous blood for malaria detection using two PCR-based assays in febrile patients in Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tomasz A.","family":"Leski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris Rowe","family":"Taitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umaru","family":"Bangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Lahai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Lamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Baio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Koroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulai G.","family":"Swaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn H.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Ansumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3644_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019."},{"key":"3644_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03507.x","volume":"17","author":"C Putaporntip","year":"2011","unstructured":"Putaporntip C, Buppan P, Jongwutiwes S. Improved performance with saliva and urine as alternative DNA sources for malaria diagnosis by mitochondrial DNA-based PCR assays. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1484\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3644_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan4479","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan4479","volume":"11","author":"D Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tao D, McGill B, Hamerly T, Kobayashi T, Khare P, Dziedzic A, et al. A saliva-based rapid test to quantify the infectious subclinical malaria parasite reservoir. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaan4479.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"3644_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy319","volume":"218","author":"J Mischlinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mischlinger J, Pitzinger P, Veletzky L, Groger M, Zoleko-Manego R, Adegnika AA, et al. Use of capillary blood samples leads to higher parasitemia estimates and higher diagnostic sensitivity of microscopic and molecular diagnostics of malaria than venous blood samples. J Infect Dis. 2018;218:1296\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3644_CR5","first-page":"723","volume":"48","author":"LN Daae","year":"1988","unstructured":"Daae LN, Halvorsen S, Mathisen PM, Mironska K. A comparison between haematological parameters in \u2018capillary\u2019 and venous blood from healthy adults. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1988;48:723\u20136.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"3644_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519109104576","volume":"51","author":"LN Daae","year":"1991","unstructured":"Daae LN, Hallerud M, Halvorsen S. A comparison between haematological parameters in \u2018capillary\u2019 and venous blood samples from hospitalized children aged 3 months to 14 years. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1991;51:651\u20134.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"3644_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2001.00388.x","volume":"23","author":"ZW Yang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yang ZW, Yang SH, Chen L, Qu J, Zhu J, Tang Z. Comparison of blood counts in venous, fingertip and arterial blood and their measurement variation. Clin Lab Haematol. 2001;23:155\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Lab Haematol"},{"key":"3644_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90376-4","volume":"112","author":"IR Kupke","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kupke IR, Kather B, Zeugner S. On the composition of capillary and venous blood serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1981;112:177\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3644_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.1.163","volume":"164","author":"CF Ockenhouse","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ockenhouse CF, Ho M, Tandon NN, Van Seventer GA, Shaw S, White NJ, et al. Molecular basis of sequestration in severe and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: differential adhesion of infected erythrocytes to CD36 and ICAM-1. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:163\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3644_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4174-1","volume":"19","author":"A Lehane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehane A, Were M, Wade M, Hamadu M, Cahill M, Kiconco S, et al. Comparison on simultaneous caillary and venous parasite density and genotyping results from children and adults with uncomplicated malaria: a prospective observational study in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:559.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3644_CR11","first-page":"601","volume":"38","author":"JB Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo JB, Guigemd\u00e9 TR, Gbary AR. Etude comparative de la densite parasitaire de Plasmodium falciparum dans le sang capillaire et dans le sang veineux chez des porteurs asymptomatiques (r\u00e9gion de Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso). M\u00e9decine d\u2019Afrique Noire. 1991;38:601\u20135.","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine d\u2019Afrique Noire"},{"key":"3644_CR12","first-page":"89","volume":"2","author":"A Njunda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Njunda A, Assob N, Nsagha S, Kamga F, Mokenyu M, Kwenti E. Comparison of capillary and venous blood using blood film microscopy in the detection of malaria parasites: a hospital based study. Sci J Microbiol. 2013;2:89\u201394.","journal-title":"Sci J Microbiol"},{"key":"3644_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1978-6","volume":"16","author":"MM Sandeu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandeu MM, Bayibeki AN, Tchioffo MT, Abate L, Gimonneau G, Awono-Ambene PH, et al. Do the venous blood samples replicate malaria parasite densities found in capillary blood? A field study performed in naturally-infected asymptomatic children in Cameroon. Malar J. 2017;16:345.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-438","volume":"12","author":"K Kast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kast K, Berens-Riha N, Zeynudin A, Abduselam N, Eshetu T, Loscher T, et al. Evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte detection in different patient material. Malar J. 2013;12:438.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR15","unstructured":"Helm JR, Toxopeus C, Batty N, Border L, Davidson O, Kelley A, et al. Analytical performance of the FilmArray\u00ae global fever panel. Presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Meeting 2018: Poster 1445. https:\/\/www.biofiredefense.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Analytical-Performance-of-the-FilmArray-Global-Fever-Panel-ASTMH-Poster-1.pdf."},{"key":"3644_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071539","volume":"8","author":"E Kamau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamau E, Alemayehu S, Feghali KC, Saunders D, Ockenhouse CF. Multiplex qPCR for detection and absolute quantification of malaria. PLoS One. 2013;8:e71539.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3644_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-158","volume":"13","author":"E Kamau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kamau E, Alemayehu S, Feghali KC, Juma DW, Blackstone GM, Marion WR, et al. Sample-ready multiplex qPCR assay for detection of malaria. Malar J. 2014;13:158.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03163-2","volume":"19","author":"TA Leski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leski TA, Taitt CR, Swaray AG, Bangura U, Reynolds N, Holtz A, et al. Use of real-time multiplex PCR, malaria rapid diagnostic test and microscopy to investigate the prevalence of Plasmodium species among febrile hospital patients in Sierra Leone. Malar J. 2020;19:84.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2018.06.003","volume":"20","author":"SP Mulvaney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mulvaney SP, Fitzgerald LA, Hamdan LJ, Ringeisen BR, Petersen ER, Compton JR, et al. Rapid design and fielding of four diagnostic technologies in Sierra Leone, Thailand, Peru, and Australia: successes and challenges faced introducing these biosensors. Sensing Bio-Sensing Res. 2018;20:22\u201333.","journal-title":"Sensing Bio-Sensing Res"},{"key":"3644_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1620-z","volume":"15","author":"P Poirier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poirier P, Doderer-Lang C, Atchade PS, Lemoine JP, de l\u2019Isle MC, Abou-Bacar A, et al. The hide and seek of Plasmodium vivax in West Africa: report from a large-scale study in Beninese asymptomatic subjects. Malar J. 2016;15:570.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2588-7","volume":"17","author":"MA Oboh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oboh MA, Badiane AS, Ntadom G, Ndiaye YD, Diongue K, Diallo MA, et al. Molecular identification of Plasmodium species responsible for malaria reveals Plasmodium vivax isolates in Duffy negative individuals from southwestern Nigeria. Malar J. 2018;17:439.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3644_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25949","volume":"4","author":"M Hawkes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawkes M, Elphinstone RE, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Contrasting pediatric and adult cerebral malaria: the role of the endothelial barrier. Virulence. 2013;4:543\u201355.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"3644_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30324-6","volume":"391","author":"EA Ashley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ. Malaria. Lancet. 2018;391:1608\u201321.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3644_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.3.509-539.2004","volume":"17","author":"IA Clark","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:509\u201339.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T07:11:09Z","timestamp":1615014669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03644-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22092\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22092\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22092\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The research protocol used in this study was approved by the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee and the institutional review boards of the US Naval Research Laboratory and George Mason University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Brian Jones, Olivia Jackson and Cynthia Phillips are employees of BioFire Defense, the manufacturer of the instrument (FilmArray) and assay (Global Fever Panel) used in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"133"}}