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The malaria burden is greatly affected by human immunity, and immune responses vary between populations. Genetic diversity in\n                      <jats:italic>KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, which are important in immunity to infectious diseases, is likely to play a role in this heterogeneity. Several studies have shown that\n                      <jats:italic>KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes influence the immune response to viral infections, but few studies have examined the role of\n                      <jats:italic>KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                      in malaria infection, and these have used low-resolution genotyping. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic variation in\n                      <jats:italic>KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                      and their\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                      ligands differ in Ugandan populations with historically varied malaria transmission intensity using more comprehensive genotyping approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High throughput multiplex quantitative real-time PCR method was used to genotype\n                      <jats:italic>KIR<\/jats:italic>\n                      genetic variants and copy number variation and a high-throughput real-time PCR method was developed to genotype\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allotypes for 1344 participants, aged 6\u00a0months to 10\u00a0years, enrolled from Ugandan populations with historically high (Tororo District), medium (Jinja District) and low (Kanungu District) malaria transmission intensity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>KIR3DS1, KIR2DL5, KIR2DS5<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>KIR2DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes was significantly lower in populations from Kanungu compared to Tororo (7.6 vs 13.2%: p\u2009=\u20090.006, 57.2 vs 66.4%: p\u2009=\u20090.005, 33.2 vs 46.6%: p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, and 19.7 vs 26.7%: p\u2009=\u20090.014, respectively) or Jinja (7.6 vs 18.1%: p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, 57.2 vs 63.8%: p\u2009=\u20090.048, 33.2 vs 43.5%: p\u2009=\u20090.002, and 19.7\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      30.4%: p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). The prevalence of homozygous\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C2<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly higher in populations from Kanungu (31.6%) compared to Jinja (21.4%), p\u2009=\u20090.043, with no significant difference between Kanungu and Tororo (26.7%), p\u2009=\u20090.296.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>KIR3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>KIR2DL5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>KIR2DS5<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>KIR2DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes may partly explain differences in transmission intensity of malaria since these genes have been positively selected for in places with historically high malaria transmission intensity. The high-throughput, multiplex, real-time\n                      <jats:italic>HLA-C<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotyping PCR method developed will be useful in disease-association studies involving large cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03652-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T09:09:41Z","timestamp":1614244181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Diversity of KIR genes and their HLA-C ligands in Ugandan populations with historically varied malaria transmission intensity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tukwasibwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Traherne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olympe","family":"Chazara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyothi","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Trowsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Moffett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaniter I.","family":"Nankabirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel L.","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Atuheirwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubiru","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anguzu","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Jagannathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Cose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annettee","family":"Nakimuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3652_CR1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2019","author":"WHO","year":"2019","unstructured":"WHO. 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