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The current study aims to preliminarily reveal the association between the recurrence of vivax malaria in Yunnan Province and CYP2D6 gene mutation by analysing polymorphisms in the entire coding region of human CYP2D6 gene.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples were collected from patients with vivax malaria, who received \"chloroquine and 8-day course of primaquine therapy\" in Yunnan Province. The suspected relapsed cases were determined by epidemiological approaches and gene sequence alignment. PCR was conducted to amplify the CYP2D6 gene in the human genome, and the amplified products were then sequenced to compare with the non-mutation \u201creference\u201d sequence, so as to ensure correct sequencing results and to determine 9 exon regions. Subsequently, the DNA sequences of 9 exons were spliced into the coding DNA sequence (CDS), which, by default, is known as maternal CDS. The paternal CDS was obtained by adjusting the bases according to the sequencing peaks. The mutation loci, haplotypes (star alleles), genotypes and odds ratios (OR) of all the CDSs were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the119 maternal CDS chains in total with 1491\u00a0bp in length, 12 mutation sites in the 238 maternal and paternal CDS chains were detected. The c.408G\u2009&gt;\u2009C mutation was most frequently detected in both suspected relapsed group (SR) and non-relapsed group (NR), reaching 85.2% (75\/88) and 76.0% (114\/150), respectively. The c.886C\u2009&gt;\u2009T mutation was most closely related to the recurrence of vivax malaria (OR\u2009=\u20092.167, 95% CI 1.104\u20134.252, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Among the 23 haplotypes (Hap_1\u2009~\u2009Hap_23), Hap_3 was non-mutant, and the sequence structure of Hap_9 was the most complicated one. Five star alleles, including *1, *2, *4, *10 and *39, were confirmed by comparison, and CYP2D6*10 allele accounted for the largest percentage (45.4%, 108\/238). The frequency of CYP2D6*2 allele in the SR group was significantly higher than that in the NR group (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03a7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      = 16.177, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Of the defined 24 genotypes, 8 genotypes, including *4\/*4, *4\/*o, *2\/*39, *39\/*m, *39\/*x, *1\/*r, *1\/*n, and *v\/*10, were detected only in the SR group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mutation of CYP2D6*10 allele accounts for the highest proportion of vivax malaria cases in Yunnan Province. The mutations of c. 886C\u2009&gt;\u2009T and CYP2D6*2 allele, which correspond to impaired PQ metabolizer phenotype, are most closely related to the relapse of vivax malaria. In addition, the genotype *4\/*4 with null CYP2D6 enzyme function was only detected in the SR group. These results reveal the risk of defected CYP2D6 enzyme activity that diminishes the therapeutic effect of primaquine on vivax malaria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1616230964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The association of CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms in the full-length coding region with higher recurrence rate of vivax malaria in Yunnan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Herong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canglin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengni","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00230-0","volume":"387","author":"G Newby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Newby G, Bennett A, Larson E, Cotter C, Shretta R, Phillips AA, et al. 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Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;107:154\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:06:08Z","timestamp":1675037168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03685-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-77457\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases and Ethical Committee. Genetic testing were performed on stored blood samples obtained as part of the routine diagnostic work-up of patients with fever who were suspected to have malaria. Although there was no risk and the data processing after sample collection was done anonymously, informed consent was obtained. Database access will be restricted by password, and Yunnan Institute Parasitic Diseases will not allow retrieving and saving the personal identification information into the project database. It is committed not to provide information about the patient to any person unrelated to the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors provided their consent for the publication of this report.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}